ارزیابی خصوصیات پومولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی ژنوتیپ‏ های امید بخش گردو با باردهی جانبی در ارومیه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی ، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه

2 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی ، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه

3 استادیار گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه

4 کارشناس گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه

چکیده

به منظور شناسایی و انتخاب ژنوتیپ‏های برترگردو با باردهی جانبی، بخشی از ژرم‌‌پلاسم گردو در ارومیه طی سال‏های 1397 و 1398 مورد ارزیابی اولیه قرار گرفت. یازده ژنوتیپ برتر براساس خصوصیات پومولوژیک انتخاب و همراه با رقم چندلر(Chandler) از نظر خصوصیات پومولوژیک، بیوشیمیایی و اسیدهای چرب مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. برخی صفات مرتبط با خشک میوه و مغز، میزان فنل و فلاونوئید کل، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، درصد چربی و پروفیل اسیدهای چرب مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. وزن خشک میوه از 1/9 گرم در ژنوتیپ PG7 تا 36/15 گرم در ژنوتیپPG6 و وزن مغز بین 03/5 گرم در ژنوتیپPG5 تا 73/6 گرم در ژنوتیپ PG6 متغیر بود. بالاترین درصد مغز با کمترین ضخامت پوست سخت در ژنوتیپ PG7 مشاهده شد که به طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از رقم چندلر بود. بالاترین محتوای فلاونوئید کل و فعالیت آنتی-اکسیدانی در رقم چندلر مشاهده شد. همه ژنوتیپ‌های مورد مطالعه غیر از ژنوتیپ PG2، درصد چربی بالاتر از 55 درصد داشتند. هشت نوع اسید چرب در ژنوتیپ‏ها شناسایی شد که بیشترین مقدار به ترتیب مربوط به اسید لینولئیک، اسید اولئیک و اسید لینولنیک بود. بالاترین مقدار اسید لینولئیک (78/47 درصد) و اسید لینولنیک (73/21 درصد) در ژنوتیپ PG6 مشاهده شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که ژنوتیپ‌های بسیار مطلوبی در میان ژنوتیپ‌های بومی گزینش شده وجود داشت که از نظر برخی ویژگی‏های کمی و کیفیت خشک میوه و مغز با رقم چندلر قابل رقابت بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Pomological and Biochemical Attributes of Promising Walnut Genotypes with Lateral Bearing in Urmia in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • K. Tarhi 1
  • A.R. Farokhzad 2
  • R. Ghasemzadeh 3
  • M. Mohseniazar 4
1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. Urmia. Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
4 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. Urmia. Iran
چکیده [English]

To identify and select superior walnut genotypes with lateral bearing, a portion of walnut germplasm of Urmia region was priminarily evaluated in 2018 and 2019. Eleven superior genotypes were selected and along with Chandler cultivar, as control, were evaluated for pomological, biochemical and fatty acids properties. Some to nut and kernel related traits, total phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity, oil content and fatty acid profile were studied. Nut and kernel weight varied from 9.1 g (PG7) to 15.36 g (PG6), and 5.03 g (PG5) to 6.73 g (PG6), respectively. The highest kernel percentage with the lowest thickness of hard shell was observed in PG7 which was significantly higher than cv. Chandler. The highest total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity observed in cv. Chandler. For all studied genotypes, except PG2, fat content was higher than 55%. Eight fatty acid compounds were identified in walnut oil of which the highest content belonged to linoleic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid, respectively. The highest linoleic acid (47.78%) and linolenic acid (21.73%) content was observed in PG6 genotype. The results showed that there were very desirable genotypes among the selected walnut genotypes which were competitive to cv. Chandler in respect of some quantitative charcteristics and quality properties of nut and kernel.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Walnut
  • dry fruit weight
  • kernel percentage
  • fatty acid
  • antioxidant activity

مراجع

Akhiani, S., Afshari, H., and Parvaneh, T. 2017. Evaluation of some phenological and pomological characteristics of selected walnut genotypes from Shahroud-Iran. Journal of Nuts 8 (1): 21-30.
 
Arzani, K., Mansouri Ardakan, H., and Vezvaei A. 2008. Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotype from central Iran. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 36 (3): 159-168.
 
Barthet, V. J., Chornick, T., and Daun, J. K. 2002. Comparison of methods to measure the oil contents in oilseeds. Journal of Oleo Science 51: 589-597.
 
Bayazıt, S., Calıskan, O., and Kılıc, D. 2019. Pomological and chemical properties of some walnut genotypes in Central Anatolia. Gaziosmanpasa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 36 (3): 243-249.
 
Beyhan, O., Ozcan, A., Ozcan, H., Kafkas, E., Kafkas, S., Sutyemez, M., and Ercisli, S. 2017. Fat, fatty acids and tocopherol content of several walnut genotypes. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45 (2): 437-441.
 
Britton, M. T., Leslie, C. H., McGranahan, G. H., and Dandekar, A. M. 2007. Walnuts, In: Pua, E. C. and Davey, N. R. (eds.) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. 349 pp.
 
Cosmulescu, S., Stefanescu, D., and Ionescu, M. B. 2018. Genetic diversity among Juglans regia genotypes based on morphological characters of nut. Erwerbs-Obstbau 60 (2): 137-143.‏
 
Dastjerdi, R., and Hassani, D. 2009. Response of walnut genotypes to Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. & de Note. in greenhouse. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 25-1 (3): 433-449 (in Persian).
 
Du, G., Li, M., Ma, F., and Liang, D. 2009. Antioxidant capacity and the relationship with polyphenol and vitamin C in Actinidia fruits. Food Chemistry 113: 557-562.
 
FAO, 2019. The state of food and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Rome, Italy.182 pp.
 
Forde H. I., and McGranahan, G. H. 1996. Walnuts. pp. 241-273. In: Janick, J. and Moore, J. N. (eds.) Advances in fruit breeding. Purdue University Press. West Lafayette, USA.
 
Germain, E. 1997. Genetic improvement of the Persian walnut (Juglans regia L). Acta Horticulturae 442: 21–31.
 
Ghasemi, M., Arzani, K., Hassani, D., and Ghasemi, SH. 2011. Variability in nuts of twelve walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in Markazi province. Journal of Food Science and Technology 31: 63-67 (in Persian).
 
Hassani, D., Atefi, J., Haghjooyan, R., Dastjerdi, R., Keshavarzi, M., Mozaffari, M. R., Soleimani, A., Rahmanian, A. R., Nematzadeh, F., and Malmir, A. 2012. Jamal, a new Persian walnut cultivar for moderate-cold areas of Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 28 (1): 523-525.
 
Hassani, D., Mozaffari, M. R., Souraki, Y. D., Soleimani, A., and Loni, A. 2013. Vegetative and reproductive traits of some Iranian local and foreign cultivars and genotypes of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 29 (4): 839-855 (in Persian).
 
Hassani, D., Mozaffari, M. R., Soleimani, A., Dastjerdi, R., Rezaee, R., Keshavarzi, M., Vahdati, K., Fahadan, A., and Atefi, J. 2020. Four new Persian walnut cultivars of Iran: Persia, Caspian, Chaldoran, and Alvand. HortScience 55 (7): 1162-1163.
 
Hassankhah, A., Vahdati, K., Rahemi, M., and Sarikhani Khorami, S. 2017. Persian walnut phenology: Effect of chilling and heat requirements on bud break and flowering date. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 4 (2): 259-271.
 
IPGRI. 1994. Descriptors for walnut (Juglans spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, Italy.51 pp.
 
Kafkas, E., Burgut, A., Ozcan, H., Ozcan, A., Sutyemez, M., Kafkas, S. and Türemis, N. 2017. Fatty acid, total phenol and tocopherol profiles of some walnut cultivars: a comparative study. Food and Nutrition Sciences 8 (12): 1074-1084.
 
Karadag, H., and Akca, Y. 2011. Phenological and pomological properties of promising walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from selected native population in Amasya Province. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 16763-16768.
 
Karlidag, H., Karaat, F. E., Kutsal, İ. K., Altun, O.T., and Tuncay, K. A. N. 2019. Physical and chemical fruit quality properties of some walnut cultivars and promising local selections grown under plain conditions in Malatya. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 29 (4): 731-737.
 
Khadivi-Khub, A. 2015. Physiological and genetic factors influencing fruit cracking. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 37: 1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1718-2.
 
Lachman, J., Orsk, M., Hejtmnkov, A., and Kovrov, E. 2010. Evaluation of antioxidan activity and total phenolics of selected Czech honeys. LWT-Food Science Technology 43: 52-58.
 
Mahmoodi, R., Hassani, D., Amiri, M. E., and Aghaei, M. J. 2014. Comparison of nut characteristics and yield of some selected Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes with foreign cultivars. Seed and Plant Improvemnt Journal 30 (2): 441-456 (in Persian).
 
Mahmoodi, R., Hassani, D., Amiri, M. E., and Aghaei, M. J. 2016. Phenological and pomological characteristics of five promised walnut genotypes in Karaj, Iran. Journal of Nut 7 (1): 1-8.
 
McGranahan, G. H., and Leslie, C. 1991. Walnuts (Juglans). Acta Horticulturae 290: 907- 951.
 
Nakajima, J.I., Tanaka, I., Seo, S., Yamazaki, M., and Saito, K. 2004. LC/PDA/ESI-MS profiling and radical scavenging activity of anthocyanins in various berries. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 5: 241–247.
 
Nicoli, M.C., Calligaris, S., and Manzocco, L. 2000. Effect of enzymatic and chemical oxidation on the antioxidant capacity of catechin model systems and in apple derivatives. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48: 4576-4580.
 
Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Ferreira, I. C., Bento, A., Estevinho, L., and Pereira, J. A. 2008. Total phenols, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husks. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 2326-2331.
 
Petrović-Oggiano, G., Debeljak-Martačić, J., Ranković, S., Pokimica, B., Mirić, A., Glibetić, M., and Popović, T., 2020. The effect of walnut consumption on n-3 fatty acid profile of healthy people living in a non-Mediterranean West Balkan country, a small scale randomized study. Nutrients 12 (1): 1-14.
 
Poggetti, L., Ferfuia, C., Chiabà, C., Testolin, R., and Baldini, M. 2018. Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north‐eastern Italy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98 (3): 955-962.
 
Polat, M., Okatan, V., and Güçlü, S. F. 2015. Determination of some physical and chemical properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes grown in the central district of Bitlis/Turkey. Scientific Papers. Series B Horticulture 59: 81-86.
 
Rabadán, A., Pardo, J. E., Pardo-Giménez, A., and Álvarez-Ortí, M. 2018. Effect of genotype and crop year on the nutritional value of walnut virgin oil and defatted flour. Science of the Total Environment 634: 1092-1099.
 
Rezaei, R., Hassani, G. H., Hassani, D., and Vahdati, K. 2008. Morphobiological characteristics of some newly selected walnut genotypes from seedling collection of Kahriz-Orumia. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 9: 205-214 (in Persian).
 
Rezaei, A., Arzani, K., and Sarikhani, S. 2020. Morphological evaluation and identification of walnut (Juglans regia L.) superior‎ genotypes in north Hamadan province of Iran. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 51 (2): 441-457.
 
Rezaei, Z., Khadivi, A., Valizadehkaji, B., and Abbasifar, A. 2018. The selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes as revealed by morphological characterization. Euphytica 214 (4): 1-14.‏
 
Savage, G. P. 2001. Chemical composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) grown in New Zealand. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 56: 75-82.
 
Saadat, Y. A., Zandi, P., Abbasi, A., Sayah, L., and Nemati, A. 2020. Evaluation of nut traits in superior Persian walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes of Estahban genetic resources collection. Plant Production Technology 19: 57-71 (in Persian).
 
Shafaei, Z., and Arzani, K. 2018. Evaluation of diversity of walnut promising genotypes in Kermanshah province according to oil properties and determine the correlation of these traits with some morphological and ecological characters, Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 48: 887-897 (in Persian).
 
Shamlo, F., Rezaei, M., A. Biabani, A., and Khanahmadi, A. 2016. Morphological diversity among walnut genotypes of Azadshar, Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science 30 (3): 469-479 (in Persian).
 
Shin, S. W., Ghimeray, A. K., and Park, C. H. 2014. Investigation of total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant and allyl isothiocyanate content in the different organs of wasabi japonica grown in an organic system. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 3 (11): 38-45.
 
Simsek, M., Gulsoy, E., Pehluvan, M., and Erdogmus, B. 2018. A Research on determination some botanical, pomological and chemical properties of walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.) grown in eastern Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 27 (4): 2492-2498.
 
Slinkard, K., and Singleton, V. L. 1977. Total phenol analyses: automation andcomparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 28: 49–55.
 
Soleimani Sarghashk, M. 2016. Evaluation of antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents in some Juglans regia genotypes. M. Sc. thesis. University of Zabol. Zabol, Iran.‏ 66 pp. (in Persian).
 
Tarhi, K., Farokhzad, A., Ghasemzade, R., and Mohsenazar, M. 2021. Evaluation of genetic potential of walnut germplasm in Urmia region for selection of superior genotypes with lateral bearing habit. Pomology Research 5: 90-107 (in Persian).
 
Testolin, R., Poggetti, L., Ermacora, P., Cipriani, N., and Pavan, N. 2017. Morphological and carpological variability of walnut germplasm (Juglans regia L.) collected in north-eastern Italy and selection of superior genotypes. Scientia Horticulturae 225: 615–619.
 
Vahdati, K., Sarikhani Khorami, S., and Arab, M. M. 2018. Walnut: a potential multipurpose nut crop for reclaiming deteriorated lands and environment. Acta Horticulturae 1190: 95-100.‏
 
Wu, S., Ni, Z., Wang, R., Zhao, B., Han, Y., Zheng, Y., and Liu, Y. 2020. The effects of cultivar and climate zone on phytochemical components of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Food and Energy Security 9 (2): e196.
 
Yarilgac, T., Koyuncu, F., Koyuncu, M. A., Kazankaya, A., and Sen, S. M. 2001. Some promising walnut selections (Juglans regia L.). Acta Horticulturae 544: 93–100.
 
Yazdani, N., Hamidi, S., Rezaei, K., Vahdati, K., and Rahmanian Haghighi, A. 2017. Evaluation of some pomological characteristics and fatty acids composition of thirteen walnut cultivars. Journal of Crops Improvement 19: 189-201.
 
Yerlikaya, C., Yucel, S., Erturk, Ü., and Korukluoğlu, M. 2012. Proximate composition, minerals and fatty acid composition of Juglans regia L. genotypes and cultivars grown in Turkey. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 55 (5): 677-683.
 
Zbanca, A., Negritu, G., Dobrovolschi, L., and Gherasim, I. 2020. Development of the walnut sector in the Republic of Moldova. Scientific Papers Series: Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development 20 (1): 639-646. ‏
 
Zwarts, L., Savage, G. P., and McNeil, B. L. 1999. Fatty acid content of New Zealand- grown walnuts (Juglans regia L.). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 50: 189-194.
 
 
نهال و بذر
دوره 37، شماره 3
مهر 1400
صفحه 293-316

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار