واکنش عملکرد دانه ارقام جدید گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L.) به تاریخ کاشت براساس شاخص‌های زراعی- اقلیمی درشرایط محیطی گرگان

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران

2 موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

با هدف واکاوی عملکرد دانه ارقام تجاری جدید گندم نان در تاریخ کاشت‌های مختلف بر اساس شاخص‌های زراعی- اقلیمی در شرایط محیطی گرگان، آزمایشی در دو سال زراعی (1398-1396) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی گرگان به اجرا در آمد. آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار انجام شد. پنج تاریخ کاشت 10آبان ، 25 آبان، 10 آذر، 25 آذر و 10 دی در کرت‌های اصلی و چهار رقم گندم نان بهاره شامل: احسان، تیرگان، معراج و کلاته در کرت‌های فرعی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد دانه و تعداد سنبله در متر مربع در دو سال آزمایش تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشتند. در تاریخ کاشت سوم (10 آذر) بیشترین عملکرد دانه 6157/9 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بدست آمد. طول دوره پر شدن دانه در تاریخ کاشت سوم با وجود اختلاف یک ماهه با تاریخ کاشت اول (به ترتیب 42/37 و 42/21 روز) تفاوت معنی دار نداشت. شرایط مطلوبی از نظر ارتفاع گیاه و عدم خوابیدگی برای ارقام مختلف فراهم بود. در تاریخ کاشت سوم شرایطی بهینه، از نظر دما، طول روز، رطوبت نسبی وکارایی مصرف انرژی در طول دوره پر شدن دانه برای ارقام مختلف گندم ایجاد کرد و در این تاریخ کاشت بیشترین مقادیر از نظر شاخص‌های زراعی- اقلیمی شامل درجه - روز رشد (GDD)، طول روز (DL)، واحدهای دمایی-نوری (PTU)، واحدهای دمایی-رطوبتی (HYTU) و کارایی مصرف انرژی فراهم شد. ارقــام کلاته و تیرگان به ترتیب بیشترین عملکرد دانه را داشتند و عملکرد آن‌ها بطور معنی‌داری بیشتر از ارقام احسان و معراج بود. تعداد سنبله در متر مربع در ارقام مذکور نیز بطور معنی‌داری بیشتر از سایر ارقام بود. طول دوره رشد رقم کلاته کوتاهتر از سایر ارقام بود (بدون تفاوت در طول دوره پر شدن دانه‌) که باعث فرار گیاه از تنش‌های گرما و خشکی انتهایی، افزایش کارایی مصرف انرژی و در نتیجه افزایش عملکرد دانه شد. براساس نتایج این آزمایش تاریخ کاشت و رقم مناسب و سازگار نقش کلیدی در مدیریت دوره پر شدن دانه و افزایش عملکرد‌ دانه داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Response of Grain Yield of New Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars to Sowing Date Based on Agro-Climatic Indices Under Gorgan Environmental Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • H. Soughi 1
  • M. Khodarahmi 2
  • S. Bagherikia 1
  • M. Nazari 1
1 Field and Horticultural Crops Science Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran.
2 , Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

To study the response of grain yield of commercial bread wheat cultivars to different sowing dates based on agro-climatic indices, a field experiment was carried-out in Gorgan agricultural research station, Gorgan, Iran, in 2017-18 and 2018-19 cropping cycles. . The experimental design was split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with four replications. Five sowing dates; 01 November, 16 November, 01 December, 16 December and 31 December were assigned to main plots, and four spring wheat cultivars; Ehsan, Tirgan, Meraj and Kalateh were randomized in subplots. The results showed that grain yield and number of spike per square meter were not significantly different in two cropping cycles. The highest grain yield (6157.9 kg ha-1) was obtained in the third sowing date, however, the grain filling period was not affected (42.37 and 42.21 days, respectively) despite one-month difference, with the first sowing date. It implies that the third sowing date (16 December) provided favorable conditions for crop growth and no lodging was observed in different cultivars. In the third sowing date, optimal conditions; temperature, day length, relative humidity and energy use efficiency during grain filling period were established for different wheat cultivars, therefore, the highest values were obtained for agro-climatic indices; growing degree days (GDD), day length (DL), photo-thermal units (PTU), hydro-thermal units (HYTU) and energy use efficiency. Kalateh and Tirgan cultivars had the highest grain yield, respectively, and their grain yields were significantly greater than Ehsan and Meraj cultivars. Also, the number of spike per square meter was significantly greater in these two cultivars. The growth period in cv. Kalateh was shorter than the other cultivars, no difference in duration of grain filling period, which caused the plant to escape terminal heat and drought stresses, increasing energy use efficiency and consequently increasing grain yield. According to the results of this study, suitable sowing date and adapted cultivar played key roles in managing grain filling period and increasing grain yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain yield
  • energy use efficiency
  • grian filling period
  • anthesis
  • northern warm and humid agro-climatic zone

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نهال و بذر
دوره 36، شماره 1
فروردین 1399
صفحه 1-31

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