Evaluation of Some Vegetative Growth Characteristics, Fruit Yield and Quality of Four Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars under Green Shading Net

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor, Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

An increase in the temperature and frequent droughts are consequences of the climate change. Using different methods of producing horticultural products in protected ways, such as shading net, is one approach to mitigate the impact of the changing climate. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of shading net on growth and fruit yield and quality of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in the Takestan grapevine research station in 2022. For this purpose, vegetative and reproductive characteristics of four grapevine cultivars (Sahebi, Red Sultana, Red Asgari and Mish Pestan) were evaluated under and outside of green shading net with shade coefficient of 50% as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant increase of internode length under the shading net were recorded. Green shading net significantly increased the titratable acid (80.6%) and the pH of the fruit juice (73.2%), the length and width, and the weight of berry (21.8%, 44.11%, and 41.7%, respectively), cluster length, diameter and weight (51.6%, 49%, and 30.8%, respectively), and fruit yield per vine (65%). However, green shading net caused significant decrease in total soluble solids (17.7%). In all grape cultivars, the total soluble solids under the green shading net was lower than outside the green shading net, and the highest total soluble solids (26 Brix units) belonged to cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net. The titratable acidity (TA) level of fruit juice under shading net was higher than outside the shading net in all grape cultivars. The highest TA level (8.5g l-1) was observed in cv. Mish Pestan under green shading net. The dimensions of berries under the shading net were greater than outside in all studied grape cultivars. The results showed that the fruit yield and its components increased under green shading net, but fruit ripening prolonged. Therefore, for table grape production, it is necessary to collect the shading net in fruit color changing period to prevent late ripening.
 
Keywords: Grape, vine, fruit yield, table grape, climate change.
Introduction
Due to changing climate, the yield and the quality of agricultural products including grapevine are significantly affected. The intensity of sunlight and high temperature are especially important because of their effects on phenological stages, fruit yield, flower and berry drop, berry weight, and on the production and accumulation of primary and secondary compounds. Using Shading nets have been suggested in viticulture as an adaptation and protection approach to mitigate the effect of high temperatures (global warming) and decrease evapotranspiration (Naulleau et al., 2021). The present study was carried out to determine the effect of the green shading net on growth, fruit yield and its components and quality of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in the Takestan grapevine research station, Takestan, Iran.
 
Materials and Methods
Four grapevine cultivars (Sahebi, Red Sultana, Red Asgari and Mish Pestan) were evaluated under and outside of green shading net with shade coefficient of 50% as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications and three vines in each plot. Cluster dimensions and weight, clusters number vine-1, dimensions and weight of berry, total soluble solids (TSS), pH and titratable acidity (TA) of fruit juice, fruit yield vine-1 and internode length were measured and recorded. SPSS Ver. 26 software was used to test the data normality, analysis of variance, and means comparison by Tukey's test at the 5% probability level. Factor analysis was performed based on principal component analysis and varimax rotation, as well as drawing graphs, using XLSTAT 2019 add-in under Excel software.
 
Results and Discussion
Using green shading net significantly increased (66.2%) the internodes length. ​Green shading net significantly increased TA (80.6%) and pH of fruit juice (73.2%), but significantly decreased TSS (17.7%). The highest amount of TSS (26 Brix units) was obtained in cv.Red Sultana outside of the shading net and the lowest (17.9 Brix units) obtained in cv. Sahebi under the shading net. The highest amount of TA (8.5 g l-1) was observed in cv. Mish Pestan under the green shading net and the lowest (1.3 g l-1) in this cultivar in the outside of shading net.
Serat and Kulkarni (2015) reported that the maximum TSS, total sugar, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and the ratio of TSS to TA in grape variety Thomson Seedless in without shading net environment (compared to green shading net with shade factor of 30% and 50%) were obtained. The reduction of heat stress due to the use of shading net has delayed the activation of VvHsfA2 and VvGolS1 factors, which causes a decrease in TSS and delay in fruit ripening (Pillet et al., 2012).
Green shading net significantly increased the length, width, and weight of berries (21.8%, 44.11%, and 41.7%, respectively), cluster length, diameter, and weight (51.6%, 49%, and 30.8%, respectively) and vine yield (65%). The highest berry length (2.48 cm) was obtained in cv. Sahebi under the green shading net and the lowest (1.07 cm) was obtained in cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net. The highest berry weight (4.25 g) was recorded in cv. Sahebir under the green shading net and the lowest (0.77 g) was recorded in cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net. Rasoli et al. (2022) reported that white and green shading nets, with shading factor of 30%, increased the cluster weight by 107.2 and 141.8%, respectively.
The results of this research showed that using green shading net increased fruit yield and its components, and prolonged fruit ripening. Therefore, for table grape production, it is necessary to collect the shading net in color changing period to prevent late ripening.
 
References
Naulleau, A., Gary, C., Prevot, L. and Hossard, L. 2021. Evaluating strategies for adaptation to climate change in grapevine production-A systematic review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, pp.2154-2159. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607859
Pillet, J., Egert, A., Pieri, P., Lecourieux, F., Kappel, C., Charon, J., Gomès, E., Keller, F., Delrot, S. and Lecourieux, D. 2012. VvGOLS1 and VvHsfA2 are involved in the heat stress responses in grapevine berries. Plant Cell Physiology, 53, pp.1776–1792. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs121
Rasoli, V., Nejatian, A.M. and Salahshorian, R. 2022. The effect of shading net on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Red Bidaneh grapes in the vineyard area. Journal of grape extension, 1(4), pp.29-34 (in Persian)
Serat, B. and Kulkarni, S.S. 2015. Effect of shade net on yield and quality of grapes cv. Thompson Seedless. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(5), pp.1841-1845.
 

References

Ammoniaci, M., Kartsiotis, S.P., Perria, R. and Storchi, P. 2021. State of the art of monitoring technologies and data processing for precision viticulture. Agriculture, 11, pp.201-203. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11030201
 
 
Anonymous. 2022. Agricultural statistical yearbook. Volume III: Horticultural and Glasshouse Crops. Information and Communication Technology Center, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran (in Persian). 401 pp.
 
 
Azadshahraki, F., Zarei, G.H., Momeni, D. and Mahmoodi, R. 2022. Effect of shading cover on some quality properties of ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ and ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’ Grapes. Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, 5, pp.1-14 (in Persian).
 
 
Bergqvist, J., Dokoozlian, N. and Ebisuda, N. 2021. Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 52, pp.1-7. DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2001.52.1.1
 
 
Bindi, M., Miglietta, F., Gozzini, B., Orlandini, S. and Seghi, L. 2015. A simple model for simulation of growth and development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Vitis Journal Grapevine Research, 36, pp.67-71. DOI: 10.5073/vitis.1997.36.67-71
 
 
Borgogno, M.E., de Palma, L. and Novello, V. 2020. Investigating Sentinel 2 multispectral imagery efficiency in describing spectral response of vineyards covered with plastic sheets. Agronomy, 10, 1909-1912. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10121909
 
 
Cangi, R., Yagcı, A., Akgul, S., Kesgin, M. and Yanar, Y., 2011. Effects of shading and covering material application for delaying harvest on gray mold disease severity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, pp.12182-12187.
 
 
Carlomagno, A., Novello, V., Ferrandino, A., Genre, A., Lovisolo, C. and Hunter, J.J. 2018. Pre-harvest berry shrinkage in cv 'Shiraz' (Vitis vinifera L.): Understanding sap flow by means of tracing. Scientia Horticulturae, 233, pp.394-406. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.014
 
 
Cataldo, E., Fucile, M. and Mattii, G.B. 2022. Effects of kaolin and shading net on the ecophysiology and berry composition of Sauvignon Blanc grapevines. Agriculture, 12(4), pp.491- 499. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12040491
 
 
Chorti, E., Guidoni, S., Ferrandino, A. and Novello, V. 2010. Effect of different cluster sunlight exposure levels on ripening and anthocyanin accumulation in Nebbiolo grapes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 61, pp.23-30. DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2010.61.1.23
 
 
Coulter, A.D., Henschke, P.A., Simos, C.A. and Pretorius, I.S. 2008. When the heat is on, yeast fermentation runs out of puff. Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal, 23, pp.29-33.
 
 
De Orduna, R.M. 2010. Climate change associated effects on grape and wine quality and production. International Food Research Journal, 43, pp.1844-1855. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.001
 
 
Del-Castillo-Alonso, M.A., Monforte, L., Tomas-Las-Heras, R., Ranieri, A., Castagna, A., Martinez-Abaigar, J. and Nunez-Olivera, E. 2021. Secondary metabolites and related genes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes as influenced by ultraviolet radiation and berry development. Physiologia Plantarum, 173(3), pp.709-724. DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13483
 
 
Erasmus, D.J., Merwe, G.K. and Vuuren, H.J. 2003. Genome-wide expression analyses: Metabolic adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high sugar stress. FEMS Yeast Research, 3(4), pp.375-399. DOI: 10.1016/S1567-1356(02)00203-9
 
 
FAO. 2021. Grapevine product statistics. Publications of Food and Agriculture Organization. https://www.fao.org/statistics/en/grape
 
 
Greer, D.H., Weston, C.J. and Weedon, M.M. 2010. Shoot architecture, growth and development dynamics of Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon vines grown in an irrigated vineyard with and without shade covering. Functional Plant Biology, 37, pp.1061-1069. DOI: 10.1071/fp10101
 
 
Gutiérrez, G., Pardo, C. and Moreno-Simunovic, Y. 2019. Effects on berry shrinkage in Vitis vinifera. L cv. ‘Merlot’ from changes in canopy/root ratio: A preliminary approach. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 40, pp.1-6. DOI: 10.21548/40-1-2867
 
 
Gutiérrez, G., Zheng, W. and de Toda, F.M. 2021. Current viticultural techniques to mitigate the effects of global warming on grape and wine quality: A comprehensive review. International Food Research Journal, 139, pp.1-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109946
 
 
Heuvel, J.E., Proctor, J., Fisher, K.H. and Sullivan, J.P. 2004.  Shading affects morphology, dry-matter partitioning, and photosynthetic response of greenhouse-grown ‘Chardonnay’ grapevines. Hortscience, 39, pp.65–70. DOI: 10.21273/hortsci.39.1.65
 
 
Iland, P., Ewart, A., Sitters, J., Markides, A. and Bruer, N. 2000. Techniques for chemical analysis and quality monitoring during winemaking. Campbelltown, SA Patrick Iland Wine Promotions. 120 pp.
Irimia, L.M., Patriche, C.V., Renan, L., Herve, Q., Cyril, T. and Sfica, L. 2019. Projections of climate suitability for wine production for the Conair wine region (Romania). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1, pp.5-18. DOI: 10.2478/pesd-2019-0001
 
 
Ju, Y.L., Yue, X.F., Zhao, X.F., Zhao, H. and Fang, Y.L. 2018. Physiological, micro-morphological and metabolomic analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf of plants under water stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 130, pp.501-510. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.07.036
 
 
Keller, M., Hess, B., Schwager, H., Scharer, H. and Koblet, W. 1995. Carbon and nitrogen partitioning in Vitis vinifera L.: Responses to nitrogen supply and limiting irradiance. Vitis, 34, pp.19-26. DOI:10.5073/vitis.1995.34.19-26
 
 
Lecourieux, F., Kappel, C., Lecourieux, D., Serrano, A., Torres, E., Arce-Johnson, P. and Delrot, S. 2014. An update on sugar transport and signaling in grapevine. Journal of Exprimental Botany, 65, pp.821–832. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert394
 
 
Leghari, S., Shaukat, K., Khattak, M.I., Panezai, M.A., Marri, A.A. and Ismail, T. 2019. Influence of sun and shade on the growth, yield and quality of Vitis vinifera L.(grapes) under semiarid environmental conditions. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 17(4), pp.1-10. DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1704_88478864
 
 
Lu, H.C., Wei, W., Wang, Y., Duan, C.Q., Chen, W. and Wang, J. 2021. Effects of sunlight exclusion on leaf gas exchange, berry composition, and wine flavor profile of Cabernet-Sauvignon from the foot of the north side of Mount Tianshan and a semi-arid continental climate. OENO One, 55, pp.267-283. DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4545
 
 
McArtney, S. and Ferree, D. C. 1999. Shading effects on dry matter partitioning, remobilization of stored reserves and early season vegetative development of grapevines in the year after treatment. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 124, pp.591-597. DOI: 10.21273/jashs.124.6.591
 
 
Naulleau, A., Gary, C., Prevot, L. and Hossard, L. 2021. Evaluating strategies for adaptation to climate change in grapevine production-A systematic review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, pp.2154-2159. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607859
 
 
Oliveira, M., Teles, J., Barbosa, P., Olazabal, F. and Queiroz, J. 2014. Shading of the fruit zone to reduce grape yield and quality losses caused by sunburn. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 48, pp.179-187. DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.3.1579
 
 
Pagay, V., Reynolds, A.G. and Fisher, K.H. 2013. The influence of bird netting on yield and fruit, juice, and wine composition of Vitis vinifera. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 47, pp.35-45. DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2013.47.1.1536
 
 
Paknejad, F., Majidi heravan, E., Noor mohammadi, Q., Siyadat, A. and Vazan, S. 2007. Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 5(4), pp.162-169. DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2007.841.847
 
 
Pillet, J., Egert, A., Pieri, P., Lecourieux, F., Kappel, C., Charon, J., Gomès, E., Keller, F., Delrot, S. and Lecourieux, D. 2012. VvGOLS1 and VvHsfA2 are involved in the heat stress responses in grapevine berries. Plant Cell Physiology, 53, pp.1776–1792. DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcs121
 
 
Palliotti, A., Tombesi, S., Silvestroni, O., Lanari, V., Gatti, M. and Poni, S. 2014. Changes in vineyard establishment and canopy management urged by earlier climate-related grape ripening: A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 178, pp.43-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.07.039
 
 
Pokhrel, Y., Felfelani, F., Satoh, Y., Boulange, J., Burek, P., Gadeke, A. and Wada, Y. 2021. Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 11, pp.226-233. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-00972-w
 
 
Porro, D., Dallaserra, M., Zatelli, A. and Ceschini, A. 2001. The interaction between nitrogen and shade on grapevine: the effects on nutritional status, leaf age and leaf gas exchanges. Acta Horticulturaer, 564, pp.253-260. DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2001.564.29
 
 
Rasoli, V. 2017. Drought tolerance management of grapevine. Agricultural Education and Extention Publications. Tehran, Iran. 177 pp. (in Persian).
 
 
Rasoli, V. and Dolati Baneh, H. 2018. Assessment of the adaptability of 50 Russian grapevine varieties in Iran by genotype and genotype × environment interaction biplot (GGE Biplot) method. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 9, pp.205-213 (in Persian)
 
 
Rasoli, V., Nejatian, A.M. and Salahshorian, R 2022. The effect of shading net on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Red Bidaneh grapes in the vineyard area. Journal of grape extension, 1(4), pp.29-34 (in Persian)
 
 
Reshef, N., Agam, N. and Fait, A. 2018. Grape berry acclimation to excessive solar irradiance leads to repartitioning between major flavonoid groups. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, pp.3624-3636. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04881
 
 
Serat, B. and Kulkarni, S.S. 2015. Effect of shade net on yield and quality of grapes cv. Thompson Seedless. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(5), pp.1841-1845.
 
 
Thornton, P.K., Ericksen, P.J., Herrero, M. and Challinor, A.J. 2014. Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: A review. Global Change Biology, 20, pp.3313-3328. DOI:10.1111/gcb.12581
 
 
Van Leeuwen, C. and Destrac, I.A. 2017. Modified grape composition under climate change conditions requires adaptations in the vineyard. Oeno One, 51, pp.147-154. DOI:10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1647
 
 
Wu, Y., Qiu, T., Shen, Z., Wu, Y., Lu, D. and He, J. 2018. Effects of shading on leaf physiology and morphology in the ‘Yinhong’grape plants. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 1, pp.40-49. DOI: 10.1590/0100-29452018037
 
 
Yang, Y., Hori, Y. and Ogata, R. 1980. Studies on retranslocation of accumulated assimilates in "Delaware" grapevines. II. Retranslocation of assimilates accumulated during the previous growing season. Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research, 31, pp.109-119. DOI: ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000982036
Seed and Plant Journal
Volume 39, Issue 2
June 2024
Pages 305-283

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics