Antixenosis Resistance of Plum Genotypes and Cultivars to the Plum Fruit Moth Grapholitha funebrana (Treitschke) under the Environmental Conditions of Karaj in Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

Plum fruit moth Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke) is one of the important pests of plums. The aim of this study was to assess the antixenosis resistance of plum genotypes/cultivars and the effect of fruit physico-chemical characteristic on it. Twenty seven plum genotypes/cultivars in fruits tree genetic resources collection in Kemalshahr in Karaj, Iran, were considered and evaluated from 2019 to 2021 seasons. Antixenosis resistance indices were estimated by sampling larvae population during the seasons. The plum geneotypes/cultivars were grouped using cluster analysis, and the relationship between different fruit characteristics and antixenosis resistance was investigated using Pearson correlation. The antixenosis resistance indices had significant relationship with fruit length, width, diameter, engineering diameter, spherical index and fruit surface area. The minimum antixenosis index of larvae establishment ratio in Bukhara, Genotype 19 and Uromieh 20 was 0.02, and its maximum was 0.06 in Anjelo, Friar, G-98, Kh-Mashhad and Sosourmi. The minimum larval non-preference index was 91.96 in G-Melayer and its maximum was 98.81 in Bukhara. The minimum larvae preference was 0.03 in Sosourmi, and its maximum was 1.03 in Zojlo. The minimum larvae crowding index was 24.6 in Bukhara, and its maximum was 66.42 in G-98. Finally, Black Star, Queen Rosa, G99, G98, Qomi, Santa Rosa, Sosurmi, Anjelo, Black Amber, and GR-Rezaieh genotpes/cultivars were more resistant, and Kermanshah genotype was the most sensitive to plum fruit moth. The results of this research are part of the supplementary information for selection of suitable plum cultivars for development of plum orchards in Karaj and other similar envirmonetal conditions.

Keywords


Antônio, A. D. C., Silva, D. J. H. D., Picanço, M. C., Santos, N. T., and Fernandes, M. E. D. S. 2011. Tomato plant inheritance of antixenosis resistance to tomato leafminer. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 4: 74-80.
 
 
Awmack, C. S., and Leather, S. R. 2002. Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects. Annual Review of Entomology 47: 817-844.
 
 
Batinica, J., and Muratovic, S. 1972. The importance of Grapholitha funebrana for the plum variety Bilska Rana. Zastita Bilja 23: 11-24.
 
 
Bauerfeind, S. S., and Fischer, K. 2005. Effects of food stress and density in different life stages on reproduction in a butterfly. Oikos 111: 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13888.x
 
 
Bauerfeind, S. S., and Fischer, K. 2008. Maternal body size as a morphological constraint on egg size and fecundity in butterflies. Basic and Applied Ecology 9: 443-451.
 
 
Berrigan, D., and Charnov, E. L. 1994. Reaction norms for age and size at maturity in response to temperature: a puzzle for life historians. Oikos 70: 474-478.
 
 
Bonebrake, T. C., Boggs, C. L., McNally, J. M., Ranganathan, J., and Ehrlich, P. R., 2010. Oviposition behavior and offspring performance in herbivorous insects: consequences of climatic and habitat heterogeneity. Oikos 119: 927-934.
 
 
Bossart, J. 2003. Covariance of preference and performance on normal and novel hosts in a locally monophagous and locally polyphagous butterfly population. Oecologia 135: 477-486.
 
 
Boyd, I. L., Freer-Smith, P. H., Gilligan, C. A., and Godfray, H. C. J. 2013. The consequence of tree pests and diseases for ecosystem services. Science 342 (6160): 1235773. DOI: 10.1126/science.1235773.
 
 
Cahenzli, F., Wenk, B. A., and Erhardt, A. 2015. Female butterflies adapt and allocate their progeny to the host-plant quality of their own larval experience. Ecology 96: 1966-1973. DOI:10.1890/14-1275.1.
 
 
Frades, I., and Matthiesen, R. 2010. Overview on techniques in cluster analysis. Bioinformatics Methods in Clinical Research: 81-107.
 
 
Fraley, C., and Raftery, A. E. 2002. Model-based clustering, discriminant analysis, and density estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association 97 (458): 611-631.
 
 
Gish, M., Ben-Ari, M., and Inbar, M. 2017. Direct consumptive interactions between mammalian herbivores and plant-dwelling invertebrates: prevalence, significance, and prospectus. Oecologia 183: 347-352.
 
 
Głowacka, A., and Rozpara, E. 2014. Growth, yielding and fruit quality of four plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars under organic orchard conditions. Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering 59 (3): 56-60.
 
 
Gogorcena, Y., Sánchez, G., Moreno-Vázquez, S., Pérez, S., and Ksouri, N. 2020. Genomic-based breeding for climate-smart peach varieties. pp. 271-331. In: Kole, C. (ed.) Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Fruit Crops. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-97946-5_8.
 
 
Gogtay, N. J., and Thatte, U. M. 2017. Principles of correlation analysis. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 65: 78-81.
 
 
Gripenberg, S., Mayhew, P.J., Parnell, M. and Roslin, T. 2010. A metaanalysis of preference–performance relationships in phytophagous insects. Ecology Letters 13: 383-393.
 
 
Hamzehzarghani, H., Kushalappa, A. C., Dion, Y., Rioux, S., Comeau, A., Yaylayan, V., Marshall, W. D., and Mather, D. E. 2005. Metabolic profiling and factor analysis to discriminate quantitative resistance in wheat cultivars against fusarium head blight. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 66: 119-133.
 
 
He, Q., Zhou, G., and Liu, J. 2022. Progress in studies of climatic suitability of crop quality and resistance mechanisms in the context of climate warming. Agronomy 12: 3183. DOI:10.3390/agronomy12123183.
 
 
Heisswolf, A., Obermaier, E. and Poethke, H. J. 2005. Selection of large host plants for oviposition by a monophagous leaf beetle: nutritional quality or enemy-free space? Ecological Entomology 30: 299-306.
 
 
Johnson, W. C. 2000. Methods and results of screening for diseases- and insect-resistant apple rootstocks. The Compact Fruit Tree 33:108-111.
 
 
Krisnawati, A., Bayu, M. S. Y. I., and Adie, M. M. 2017. Identification of soybean genotypes based on antixenosis and antibiosis to the armyworm (Spodoptera litura). Nusantara Bioscience 9: 164-169.
 
 
Kuhrt, U., Samietz, J., and Dorn, S. 2005. Thermoregulation behavior in codling moth larvae. Physiological Entomology 30: 54-61.
 
 
Kumari, P., Jasrotia, P., Kumar, D., Kashyap, P. L., Kumar, S., Mishra, C. N., Kumar, S., and Singh, G. P. 2022. Biotechnological approaches for host plant resistance to insect pests. Frontiers in Genetics 13: 914029. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.914029.
 
 
Machlitt, D. 1998. Persea mite on avocados: quick field counting method. Subtropical Fruit 6: 1-4.
 
 
Mirdashtvan, M., Najafinejad, A., Malekian, A., and Sa'doddin, A. 2020. Regional analysis of trend and nonstationarity of hydroclimatic time series in the southern Alborz region, Iran. International Journal of Climatology 40: 1979-1991.
 
 
Mitrea, I., and Bancă, G. 2011. Behavior of some plum varieties to the attack of the plum moth Grapholitha funebrana. Lucrări Științifice-Universitatea de Științe Agronomice și Medicină Veterinară București. Seria B, Horticultură 55: 410-413.
 
Myers, C. T., Hull, L. A., and Krawczyk, G. 2006. Seasonal and cultivar associated variation in oviposition preference of oriental fruit moth (Lepitoptera: Tortricidae) adults and feeding behavior of neonate larvae in apples. Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 349-358.
 
 
Myers, C. T., and Holl, L. A. 2002. Host plant effects on survival, phenology and ovipositional perference of Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck). Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 1176-1183.
 
 
Oki, N., Komatsu, K., Sayama, T., Ishimoto, M., Takahashi, M., and Takahashi M. 2012. Genetic analysis of antixenosis resistance to the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and its relationship with pubescence characteristics in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Breeding Science 61: 608-617.
 
 
Reiczigel, J., Lang, Z., Rózsa, L., and Tóthmérész, B. 2005. Properties of crowding indices and statistical tools to analyze parasite crowding data. Journal of Parasitology 91: 245-252.
 
Rizzo, R., Farina, V., Saiano, F., Lombardo, A., Ragusa, E., and Lo Verde, G. 2019. Do Grapholita funebrana infestation rely on specific plum fruit features? Insects 10 (12): 444. DOI: 10.3390/insects10120444.
 
 
Rothschild, G. H. L., and Vickers, R. A. 1991. Biology, ecology and control of the oriental fruit moth. pp. 389–412. In: van der Geest, L. P. S., and Evenhuis, H. H. (eds.) Tortricid Pests: Their Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control.
 
 
Sabzi, S., Nadimi, M., Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Y., and Paliwal, J. 2022. Non-destructive estimation of physicochemical properties and detection of ripeness level of apples using machine vision. International Journal of Fruit Science 22: 628-645.
 
 
Schweiger, O., Heikkinen, R. K., Harpke, A., Hickler, T., Klotz, S., Kudrna, O., Kühn, I., Pöyry, J., and Settele, J. 2012. Increasing range mismatching of interacting species under global change is related to their ecological characteristics. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21: 88-99.
 
 
Schlick-Souza, E. C., Baldin, E. L. L., and Lourenção, A. L. 2011. Variation in the host preferences and responses of Ascia monuste orseis Godart (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) to cultivars of collard greens Brassica oleracea (L.) var. acephala. Journal of Pest Science 84: 429-436.
 
 
Schoonhoven, L. M., Jermy, T., and van Loon, J. J. A. 1998. Insect-Plant Biology: From Physiology to Evolution. First edition. Chapman & Hall, U. K. 409 pp.
 
 
Smith, C. M., and Clement, S. L. 2012. Molecular bases of plant resistance to arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 57: 309-328.
 
 
Tek, M. I., and Budak, K. 2022. A new approach to develop resistant cultivars against the plant pathogens: CRISPR drives. Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 889497. DOI:10.3389/fpls.2022.889497.
 
 
Timm, A. E., Warnich, L., and GeerTseMa, H. 2008. Morphological and molecular identification of economically important Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) on deciduous fruit tree crops in South Africa. African Entomology 16: 209-219.
 
 
Tu, X. B., Fan, Y. L., McNeill, M., and Zhang, Z. H. 2018. Including predator presence in a refined model for assessing resistance of alfalfa cultivar to aphids. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 17: 397-405.
 
 
Velten, G., Rott, A. S., Cardona, C., and Dorn, S. 2007. The inhibitory effect of the natural seed storage protein Arcelin on the development of Acanthoscelides obtectus. Journal of Stored Products Research 43: 550-557.
 
 
Velten, G., Rott, A. S., Petit, B. J. C., Cardona, C., and Dorn, S. 2008. Improved bruchid management through favorable host plant traits and natural enemies. Biological Control 47: 133-140.
 
 
Walter, G. H. 2003. Insect Pest Management and Ecological Research. Cambridge University Press. U. K. 387 pp.
 
 
Wetzel, W. C., Kharouba, H. M., Robinson, M., Holyoak, M., and Karban, R. 2016. Variability in plant nutrients reduces insect herbivore performance. Nature 539: 425-427.
 
 
Willson, M. F., and Whelan, C. J. 1990. The evolution of fruit color in fleshy-fruited plants. The American Naturalist 136: 790-809.
 
 
Xu, H., and Turlings, T. C. 2018. Plant volatiles as mate-finding cues for insects. Trends in Plant Science 23: 100-111.
 
 
Zhivondov, A., and Milusheva, S. 2015. Characteristics of the new Bulgarian plum cultivar 'Ostromila'. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1139: III Balkan Symposium on Fruit Growing: 63-66. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1139.11.