Genetic Diversity and Migration of Wheat Leaf Rust Populations in Iran Based on Virulence and Molecular Data

Authors

1 Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 Regional Cereal Rust Research Center (ICARDA), Izmir, Turkey.

3 Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj.

Abstract

Wheat leaf rust agent is a high virulent and moving pathogen. Spores of the pathogen can easity transmitted by air and spread fast on large areas. In this study, the relationship between pathotypes and races of the pathogen and air currents in different geographical areas of Iran was investigated using leaf rust molecular polymorphism and virulence phenotypic data. Virulence factors and molecular structure of eighty-six isolates of wheat leaf rust were determined. The results of molecular and phenotypic data showed that, there were racial and molecular similarity and population migration among most provinces of wheat growing areas. Molecular variance analysis showed that, there was no relationship between population and geographical distribution of races. It was also found that a gene flow, and massive transfer of spores by air currents are exist. Analysis of molecular variance also indicated that each of population was not a separate population, and gene flow was a main factor between them. Study on leaf rust isolates of neighboring provinces showed similar or very close relations among them in South-West to the North-West, North-West to the North-East and North-East to the South-East directions. Each of these directions are affected by one or two air currents that are probably the most important routes of spore movement in the country. It seems that similarity of pathogen populations in the neighboring provinces could be related to the air currents which impact the movement spores through provinces. This path-way is very similar to transmission path of pathogenic yellow rust spores (Yr9), happened in 1993.

Keywords


Admassu, B., Lind, V., Friedt, W., and Ordon, F. 2009. Virulence analysis of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici populations in Ethiopia with special consideration of Ug99. Plant Pathology 58: 362-369.
 
 
Afshari, F. 2004. Chalange of new race of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in Iran. Second Yellow Rust Conference for Central and West Asia and North Africa. 22-26 March, Islamabad, Pakistan, P.19.
 
 
Afshari, F., Torabi, M., Kia, S., Dadrezaei, S.T., Safavi, S.A., Chaichi, M., Karbalaei Khiavi, H., Zakeri, A., Bahrami Kamangar, S., Nasrollahi, M., Patpour, M., and Ebrahimnejad, S. 2005. Monitoring of virulence factors of Puccinia triticina Eriksson, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust in Iran during 2002-2004. Seed and Plant 21(4): 485-496 (in Persian).
 
 
Anonymous 2005. Laboratory Protocols: CIMMYT Applied Molecular Genetics Laboratory, 3rd Edition, CIMMYT, Mexico, DF. Mexico. Brown, J.K.M., and Hovmøller, M.S. 2002. Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease. Science (Washington, D.C.) 297: 537-541.
 
 
Chen, X.M. 2005. Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici] on wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 27(3): 314-337.
 
 
Chen, X.M., Line, R.F., and Leung, H. 1995. Virulence and polymorphic DNA relationships of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei to other rusts. Phytopathology 85: 1335-1342.
 
 
Chen, X.M., Moore, M.K., Milus, E.A., Long, D.L., Line, R.F., Marshall, D., and Jackson, L. 2002. Wheat stripe rust epidemics and races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the United States in 2000. Plant Disease 86: 39-46.
 
 
Dadrezaei, S. T., Lababidi, S., Nazari, K., Mohammadi Goltappeh, E., Afshari, F., Fida, A., Shams-Bakhsh, M., and Safaie, N. 2013. Molecular genetic diversity in Iranian populations of Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4: 1375-1386.
 
 
Dadrezaei, S. T., Mohammadi Goltappeh, E., Afshari, F., and Nazari, K. 2012. Pathotypes and physiologic races of Puccinia triticina Erik's. The causal agent of wheat leaf rust and their distribution in Iran in 2009 and 2010. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 28-1: 685-715 (in Persian).
 
 
Dadrezaei, S. T., and Nazari. K. 2015. Detection of wheat rust resistance genes in some of the Iranian wheat genotypes by molecular markers. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 31-1: 163-187 (in Persian).
 
 
Dadrezaei, S. T., and Torabi, M. 2016. Management of wheat rusts. Plant Pathology Science 5: 81-89. Dubin, H. J., and Torres, E. 1981. Causes and consequences of the 1976-77 wheat leaf rust epidemics in North West Mexico. Annual Review of Phytopathology 19: 41-45.
 
 
Huerta-Espino, J., Singh, R. P., Germa´n, S., McCallum, B. D., Park, R. F., Chen, W. Q., Bhardwaj, S. C., and Goyeau, H. 2011. Global status of wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Euphytica 179: 143-160.
 
 
Hussain, M., Hassan, S. F., and Kirmani, M. A. S. 1980. Virulence in Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici in Pakistan during 1978 and 1979. Proceedings of the Fifth European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts Conference, Bari, Italy. pp. 179-184.
 
 
Kolmer, J. A. 2001. Molecular polymorphism and virulence phenotypes of the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina in Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 79: 917-926.
 
 
Kolmer, J. A., and Liu, J. Q. 2000. Virulence and molecular polymorphism in international collections of the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina. Phytopathology 90: 427-436.
 
 
Kolmer, J. A., and Ordoñez, M. E. 2007. Genetic differentiation of Puccinia triticina populations in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Phytopathology 97: 1141-–1149.
 
 
Line, R. F. 2002. Stripe rust of wheat and barley in North America: a retrospective historical review. Annual Review of Phytopathology 40: 75-118.
 
 
Markell, S. G., and Milus, E. A. 2008. Emergence of a novel population of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in eastern United States. Phytopathology 98: 632-639.
 
 
McDonald, B. A., and Linde, C. C. 2002. Pathogen population genetics evolutionary potential and durable resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology 40: 349-379.
 
 
McIntosh, R. A., Wellings, C. R., and Park, R. F. 1995. Wheat Rusts: An Altas of Resistance Genes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. Nazari, K., Mafi, M., Yahyaoui, A., Singh, R. P., and Park, R. P. 2009. Detection of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99) in Iran. Plant Disease 93: 317.
 
 
Niazmand, A. R., Afshari, F., Abbasi, M., and Rezaee, S. 2010. Study on pathotypes diversity and virulence factors of Puccinia triticina Eriksson, the causal agent of wheat brown rust in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 46: 187-202 (in Persian).
 
 
O’Brien, L., Brown, J. S., Young, R. M., and Pascoe, I. 1980. Occurrence and distribution of wheat stripe rust in Victoria and susceptibility of commercial wheat cultivars. Australasian Plant Pathology 9: 9-14.
 
 
Ordoñez, M. E., Germán, S. E., and Kolmer, J. A. 2010. Genetic differentiation within the Puccinia triticina population in South America and comparison with the North American population suggests common ancestry and inter continental migration. Phytopathology 100: 376-383.
 
 
Ordoñez, M. E., and Kolmer, J. A. 2007. Simple sequence repeats diversity of a world-wide collection of Puccinia triticina from durum wheat. Phytopathology 97: 574-583.
 
 
Pady, S. M., Johnston, C. O., and Rogerson C. T. 1957. Stripe rust of wheat in Kansas in 1957. Plant Disease Reporter 41: 959-961.
 
 
Park, R. F., Burdon, J. J., and McIntosh, R. A. 1995. Studies on the origin, spread, and evolution of an important group of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici pathotypes in Australia. European Journal of Plant Pathology 101: 613-622.
 
 
Park, R. F., and Felsenstein, F. G. 1995. Physiologic specialization and pathotype distribution of Puccinia recondita in Western Europe. Plant Pathology 47: 157-164.
 
 
Pretorius, Z. A., Singh, R. P., Wagoire, W. W., and Payne, T. S. 2000. Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Disease 84: 203.
 
 
Singh, R. P., Hodson, D. P., Huerta-Espino, J., Jin, Y., Njau, P., Wanyera, R., Herrera-Foessel, S. A., and Ward, R. W. 2008. Will stem rust destroy the world's wheat crop? pp. 271-309. In: Donald, L. S. (ed.). Advances in Agronomy, Volume 98. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Stubbs R. W. 1985. Stripe rust. pp. 60-101. In: Roelfs, A. P., and Bushnell, W. R. (eds.) Cereal Rusts. Vol. II. Disease, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, New York, USA.
 
 
Torabi, M., Madoukhi, V., Nazari, K., Afshari, F., Forootan, A. R., Ramai, M. A., Golzar, H., and Kashani, A. S. 1995. Effectiveness of wheat yellow rust resistance genes in different parts of Iran. Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin 23: 9-12.
 
 
Torabi, M., Nazari, K., and Afshari, F. 2001. Genetic of pathogenicity of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of leaf rust of wheat. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32: 625-635 (in Persion).
 
 
Vos, P., Hogers, R., Rijans, M., Vandelee, T., Horens, M., Fijters, A., Pot, J., Peleman, J., Kuiper, M., and Zabeau, M. 1995. AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acides Research 23: 4407-4414.
 
 
Wan, A. M., Zhao, Z. H., Chen, X. M., He, Z. H., Jin, S. L., Jia, Q. Z., Yao, G., Yang, J. X., Wang, B. T., Li, G. B., Bi, Y. Q. and Yuan, Z. Y. 2004. Wheat stripe rust epidemic and virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China in 2002. Plant Disease 88: 896-904.
 
 
Wanyera, R., Kinyua, M. G., Jin, Y., and Singh, R. P. 2006. The spread of stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, with virulence on Sr31 in wheat in Eastern Africa. Plant Disease 90: 113.
 
 
Wellings, C. R., and McIntosh, R. A. 1990. Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Australasia: pathogenic changes during the first 10 years. Plant Pathology 39: 316-325.
 
 
Wellings, C. R., Wright, D. G., Keiper, F., and Loughman, R. 2003. First detection of wheat stripe rust in Western Australia: Evidence for a foreign incursion. Australasian Plant Pathology 32: 321-322.
 
 
William, M., Singh, R. P., Huerta-Espino, J., Ortiz Islas, S., and Hoisington, D. 2003. Molecular marker mapping of leaf rust resistance gene Lr46 and its association with stripe rust resistance gene Yr29 in wheat. Phytopathology 93: 153 -159.