موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر نهال و بذر 1562-5494 39 4 2024 01 15 A Review on Cultivation History, Genetic Resources, Selection of Cultivars and Improvement of Tree and Fruit Characteristics of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) in Iran مروری بر تاریخچه کشت، ذخایر ژنتیکی، گزینش ارقام و بهبود خصوصیات درخت و میوه به (Cydonia oblonga Mill) در ایران 493 445 131845 10.22092/spj.2024.365780.1372 FA حمید عبدالهی دانشیار، پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج. Journal Article 2023 11 06 The origin of the quince tree (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) is the regions between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, and it continues to Talash and part of Guilan and Ardabil provinces in Iran. Thus, several centers of diversity of this species, including the center of diversity of the Iranian plateau, have been formed around its center of origin during 4000 years since the beginning of the cultivation of this tree. Due to the existence of very wide and rich germplasm of the quince tree, the country of Iran is one of the major and important countries in production of this fruit in the world, and due to the public acceptance and its medicinal properties, the cultivation of this tree and its commercially released cultivars is increasing. Considering the wide and rich germplasm of quince tree in different regions of Iran, different collection programs and selection of genotypes have been carried out, and superior cultivars such as cv. Isfahan, cv. Viduja and cv. Behta were selected and commercially released during the recent decades. Local and native cultivars, which had less commercial values, have been gradually eliminated. The most important aims of quince tree breeding program in the last two decades has been focused on breeding for resistance to fire blight disease, selecting dwarf and spur bearing habit genotypes, selection for tolerance to iron chlorosis and resistance to crown rot, identification and selection of self-compatible cultiavrs and selection of best pollinizer cultiavrs, breeding for storage and fruit quality, selecting superior cultivars for secondary metabolites and especially phenolics, and finally starting hybridization programs with the aim of developing cultivars with spur-type bearing habit with the superior fruit quality. In this review article, the progresses and and a reviewe of numerous research programs carried out over several decades in Iran, have been considerd and presented. Keywords: Quince, center of origin, center of diversity, fire blight disease, growth habit, self-compatability. The quince tree (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), after apples and pears, has been cultivated as the third pome fruit tree in Iran and some countries of the world (Bell and Leitão, 2011). The center of origin of the quince tree is the region between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, and this center of origin also covers the southern parts, such as Talash region, of Guilan province in Iran (Abdollahi, 2024). It seems that during thousands of years of expansion of early civilizations from Iran, Mesopotamia and Syria, early and superior types of quince trees were selected and gradually developed to more distant areas. The establishment of early civilizations in the peripheral areas of the Iranian plateau covered various genetic reserves of several fruit trees and the initial point of attention of early civilizations was the use of quince fruits, for food consumption about 4000 BC and even earlier before. The development and cultivation of superior types of quince trees in the ancient period was based on the use of seeds, which due to the relative self-compatiblity of the quince tree in some genotypes, the high homozygosity has been caused the extension of seedling trees with superior fruit quality compared to other pome fruit trees such as apples and pears. Based on the documents, cultivation of native cultivars and local genotypes of quince tree continued until the first decades of the 14th century in the various regions of Iran (Darvishian, 1985). Darvishian (1985) in his surveys on the native quince cultivars of various region of Iran, mentioned to several cultivars including, cv. Isfahan, cv. Shams and cv. Kharv Neishabour, that seems these cultivars have been among the oldest native quince cultivars of Iran. Darvishian (1985) named three cultivars of Gorton Isfahan, Kharv Neishabur and Shams as the first selected and certified commercial quince cultivars in Iran. Until then, no action was taken to collect and import quince cultivars, until the first clonal rootstocks of this tree including quince A, B, C, BA29 and Adams were introduced and were preliminary evaluated (Abdolahi, 2024). This collection can be introduced as the first valid collection of quince tree in Iran, which was established in the Kamalshahr Horticultural Research Station in Karaj. In the next studies quince germplasm from different regions from Isfahan, Guilan, Ardabil, Tehran, Khorasan were collected and evaluated for various charachteristics and resistances (Razavi et al., 1999; Abdollahi et al., 2013). The most important aims of quince breeding program in the last two decades have been breeding for resistance to fire blight disease, breeding for selecting dwarf spur bearing habit, selection for tolerance to iron chlorosis and resistance to crown rot, identification and selection of self-compatible cultiavrs and selection of best pollinizer cultiavrs, breeding for storage and fruit quality, selecting superior cultivars in terms of secondary metabolites and especially phenolics, and finally starting hybridization programs with the aim of producing cultivars with spur-type bearing habit with the superior fruit quality.The researches conducted on different aspects of quince tree breeding, until now, have led to selction and commercially release of cv. Viduja with dwarf growth habit and high spur bearing habit, which is higher yieldind compared to the cv. Isfahan, as well as the cv. Behta with high fruit quality and greater spur production. In the orchard evaluations for fire blight resistance, cv. Viduja has demonstrated higher disease resistance and high yield potential. This cultivar also has been used in hybridization program for obtaining dwarf, high bearing quince cultivars. In addition to cv. Viduja and cv. Behta and other promising genotypes that have been introduced from Isfahan province, four genotypes have also been selected from the northwest of the Iran, including; Givi, AD1, ASH and AS1, which are being evaluated as promising genotypes. Cultivar Behta in both orchard and greenhouse evaluations has demonstrated acceptable levels of resistance to crown rots. In self-incompatiblity evaluations, S1, S4 and S5 alleles from self incompatibility locus were sequenced and deposited in data bank, also both self-compatible and self-incompatible quince cultivars and genotypes were reported in quince genotypes of Iran. The evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity of leaves and fruits of quince cultivars and genotypes from different regions of Iran showed that some of the promising genotypes of Isfahan province are the best sources of secondary metabolites and have the highest total antioxidant capacity. All of the above mentioned quinces breeding objectives should be continued in more comprehensive research and breeding programs including the survey and complementary collection of germplasm, intra/inter specific hybridization programs, as well as the use of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) rootstocks for dwarfing, drought and salinity tolerance. References Abdollahi, H., Alipour, M., Khorramdel Azad, M., Ghasemi, A., Adli, M., Atashkar, D., Akbari, M. and Nasiri, J. 2013. Establishment and primary evaluation of quince germplasm collection from various regions of Iran. Acta Horticulturae, 976, pp.199-206. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.976.25 Abdollahi, H. 2024. Quince cultivation; scientific and applied principles. Horticultural Sciences Research Institute Publication, Karaj, Iran. 423 pp. (in Persian) Bell, L. R. and Leitao, M.J. 2011. Cydonia. Pp. 1-16. In: Chittaranjan, K. (ed.) Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16057-8-1 Darvishian, M. 1985. The fruit atlas and its adaptation to Iran's environment; First phase: Alborz, Alvand and Karkas mountains. Publication of Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Teharn, Iran. 138 pp. Razavi, F., Arzani, K. and Vezvaei, A. 1999. Identification of native quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) genotypes from various regions of Isfahan province. Seed and Plant Journal, 15, pp.354-374. (in Persian). منشاء درخت به (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) در منطقهای بین دریای خزر و دریای سیاه بوده و تا نواحی تالش و بخشی از استانهای گیلان و اردبیل در ایران ادامه دارد. بر این اساس، مراکز تنوع متعدد این گونه از جمله مرکز تنوع فلات ایران، در طی 4000 هزار سال آغاز کشت این درخت، در اطراف مرکز پیدایش آن شکل گرفته است. کشور ایران با توجه به وجود ژرمپلاسم بسیار متنوع و غنی درخت به، از کشورهای عمده تولید این میوه در جهان بوده و با توجه به استقبال عمومی و خواص درمانی آن، کشت این درخت میوه و ارقام جدید آن رو به افزایش است. با توجه ژرمپلاسم متنوع و غنی درخت به در مناطق مختلف ایران، در برنامههای مختلف جمعآوری و انتخاب ژنوتیپها، ارقام برتر آن نظیر به رقم اصفهان، ویدوجا و بهتا، گزینش و به تدریج در دهه اخیر، ارقام محلی و بومی که از ارزش تجاری کمتری برخوردار بودند، حذف شدند. مهمترین اهداف برنامه های به نژادی درخت به در دو دهه اخیر، اصلاح برای مقاومت به بیماری آتشک، پاکوتاهی و عادت باردهی، گزینش برای مقاومت به کلروز آهن و پوسیدگی طوقه، شناسائی و گزینش ارقام خودگشن و انتخاب ارقام گردهزای مناسب، اصلاح برای انبارمانی و کیفیت میوه، گزینش انواع برتر از نظر متابولیتهای ثانویه و خصوصاً ترکیبات فنلی، و در نهایت آغاز برنامههای دورگ گیری با هدف تولید ارقامی با عادت باردهی تیپ اسپور و کیفیت برتر میوه بوده است. در این مقاله مروری، با توجه به پیشرفتها و برنامههای پژوهشی متعدد صورت گرفته در بیش از چند دهه در کشور برای بهبود و ارتقاء کیفیت ارقام و گزینش پایههای جدید درخت به، به بیان جامع تر کلیه پژوهش های انجام شده و پیشرفتهای به دست آمده این زمینه پرداخته شده و در نهایت برای بیان مسیر پیشروی پژوهشگران، به نیازهای آتی و برنامههای اولویتدار پژوهشی برای این محصول تبیین شده است.

https://spj.areeo.ac.ir/article_131845_d8ed2128f5af3e2913e574bf6b45294c.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر نهال و بذر 1562-5494 39 4 2023 12 22 Antixenosis Resistance of Pear Cultivars to Pear Psylla [(Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)] under the Environmental Conditions of Karaj in Iran مقاومت آنتی‌زنوزی ارقام گلابی به پسیل گلابی [(Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)] در شرایط محیطی کرج 526 495 130729 10.22092/spj.2024.364265.1336 FA مسعود لطیفیان استاد، پژوهشکده میوه های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. حمید عبدالهی دانشیار، پژوهشکده میوه های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. راضیه قائمی استادیار، بخش تحقیقات نماتد شناسی، موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2023 12 02 Pear psylla [(Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)] is one of the most important pests affecting pear production. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the resistance of pear cultivars to pear psylla for recommendation in integrated pest management and national pear breeding programs. This research was carried out using randomized complete block design with foure replications in Kamalshahr research station in Karaj, Iran, in four growing seasons from 2019 to 2023. Nine pear cultivars; Boheme, Shah Mieveh, Natanzi, Sebri, Dargazi, Louis Bonne, Harvest Queen, Potomac and Coscia. Data about psyllids population at different stages; eggs, nymphs, and dult, was collected and recorded at the peak of its activity, i.e., from early February to November, every seven days. Antixenosis resistance indices included; attraction index, mean crowding intensity, relative abundance establishment rate, non-preference index and prevalence index of eggs, nymphs and adults were calculated. Tree characteristics; form, one year old branches growth, leaves, flowers and fruits were examined. The results showed that the most resistant cultivars to pear psylla were; Cosia, Boheme, Sabri, Natanzi and Potomac. Atteraction index was 0.99, 0.99 and 0.95, crowding intensity index was 58.30, 149.14 and 16.13, relative establishment rate was 3.68, 3.65 and 3.40 for egg, nymph and adult stages, respectively. Non-perference index was 98.04, 98.06 and 19.98 and the prevalence index was 49.66, 49.47 and 47.50 for egg, nymph and adult stages, respectively. Keywords: Pear, Psylla, Host finding, Host acceptance, Cultivar sensitivity. Introduction Current management practices are sufficient to effectively control pear psylla (Murray et al., 2021). In many countries, collections of pear cultivars have been established in some important pear-growing areas with a wide range of cultivars of national, local and foreign origin to evaluate resistance to diseases and pests (Braniste and Militaru, 2007). Antixenosis resistance of pear cultivars to pear psylla has been described with non-preferential egg laying. It has also been found that this type of resistance mechanism affects the size of the initial nymph population (Bell and Puterka, 2003). The main goal of this research was to investigate the details of the host preference and resistance mechanism of nine pear cultivars to pear psylla for recommendation in integrated pest management and national pear breeding programs. Materials and Methods This research was carried out using randomized complete block design with foure replications in Kamalshahr research station in Karaj, Iran, in four growing seasons from 2019 to 2023. Nine pear cultivars; Boheme, Shah Mieveh, Natanzi, Sebri, Dargazi, Beiruti (Louis Bonne), Harvest Queen, Potomac and Coscia. Data about psyllids population at different stages; eggs, nymphs, and dult, was collected and recorded at the peak of its activity, i.e., from early February to November, every 7 days. Antixenosis resistance indices included; attraction index, mean crowding intensity, relative abundance establishment rate, non-preference index and prevalence index of eggs, nymphs and adults were calculated. Tree characteristics; form, one year old branches growth, leaves, flowers and fruits were examined. After testing normality of the data Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, analysis of variance was performed based on priciples of random complete block design using IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0.1.0 software. For grouping pear cultivars based on the level of sensitivity to pear psylla, cluster analysis was employed. The relationship between characteristics of pear cultivars and antixenosis resistance indices was studied using correlation analysis. Factor analysis was performed to identify unobservable effective combined factors on resistance mechanism based on sets of observable indices. The accuracy of cluster analysis method was examined using linear discriminant analysis (LDA), normal discriminant analysis (NDA), or discriminant function analysis and Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. Results and Discussion Shah Miveh pear cultivar was the most sensitive cultivar to pear psylla. The most resistant cultivars to pear psylla were; Coscia, Boheme, Sebri, Natanzi and Potomac. Increase in host antixenosis properties based on reduction of attraction index led to increase in the time spent in egg-laying activities, decrease in the egg-laying rate, and as its consequences, decrease in attractiveness of the host for egg-laying in resistant pear cultivars. In host-finding stage, adult psylla must randomly search in a habitat until it finds one of the important stimuli for selection of pear cultivars. Morphological stimuli of pear cultivars for host-finding include different growth characteristics of the tree, flower, leaves and availability of host. Pear cultivars resistant to pear psylla can be good alternatives to chemical control and manage the pest. It has been reported that the genetic control of resistance to pear psylla is polygenic trait (Dondini et al., 2015). This genetic mechanism reduces the possibility of the emergence of resistant biotypes of the pest, and rewards investing in development and use of resistant pear cultivars to psylla in integrated pest management and control. This approach is very important and eco-friendly. References Bell, R.L. and Puterka, G.L. 2003. Modes of host plant resistance to pear psylla: a review. Proceedings of the XI Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 663 (pp. 183-188). DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.663.26 Branişte, N. and Militaru, M. 2007. Germplasm fund of Pyrus sp. presently in ex situ Romanian collections. In X International Pear Symposium 800 (pp. 497-502). DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.800.63 Dondini, L., De Franceschi, P., Ancarani, V., Civolani, S., Fano, E.A. and Musacchi, S. 2015. Identification of a QTL for psylla resistance in pear via genome scanning approach. Scientia Horticulturae, 197, pp.568-572. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.10.018 Murray, K., Jepson, P.C. and Hedstrom, C. 2021. Integrated pest management strategic plan for Oregon and Washington pears: Summary of a Workshop Held on March 5, 2020 in Hood River, Oregon. Oregon State University Extension Service. 80 pp. پسیل گلابی، Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)، یکی از مهمترین آفات گلابی است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی مقاومت ارقام برتر گلابی نسبت این آفت برای استفاده در برنامه های مدیریت تلفیقی کنترل آن و به نژادی گلابی انجام شد. برای انجام این پژوهش نُه رقم گلابی شامل: بوهمه، شاه میوه، نطنزی، سبری، درگزی، لوئیزبون، هاروست کوئین، پوتوماک وکوشیا استفاده شد. نمونهبردای از جمعیت مراحل مختلف پسیل گلابی در اوج فعالیت آن یعنی در اوایل فرورین تا آبان به فاصله هر هفت روز یکبار انجام شد. ارزیابی ها در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در باغ کلکسیون ذخایر توارثی گلابی پژوهشکده میوههای معتدله و سردسیری در ایستگاه کمالشهر کرج از سال‌ 1399 تا سال 1402 به مدت چهار سال اجرا گردید. شاخصهای مقاومت آنتیزنوزی شامل شاخصهای جذب، تجمع، نرخ فراوانی نسبی استقرار، عدم رجحان و شیوع تخم، پوره و حشرهکامل بود. خصوصیات درخت ارقام گلابی شامل: شاخه یکساله، شاخه جاری، برگ، گل و میوه نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که ارقام گلابی شامل: کوشیا، بوهمه، سبری، نطنزی و پوتوماک نسبت به آفت پسیل گلابی مقاوم تر بودند. شاخص جذب تخم، پوره و حشرهکامل به ترتیب 0/99، 0/99و 0/95، شاخص تجمع 58/30، 149/14 و 16/13، نرخ فراوانی نسبی استقرار 3/68، 3/65و 3/40، شاخص عدم رجحان 98/04، 98/06و 98/19و شاخص شیوع 66/49، 49/47 و 47/50به ترتیب تخم، پوره و حشرهکامل بود.

https://spj.areeo.ac.ir/article_130729_67e370aa7a70c4e3258ff02f75320a14.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر نهال و بذر 1562-5494 39 4 2024 01 26 Evaluation of Some Phenological and Agronomic Characteristics of Cultivated Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes ارزیابی برخی خصوصیات فنولوژیکی و زراعی ژنوتیپ‌های یولاف زراعی(.Avena sativa L) 544 527 131864 10.22092/spj.2024.365379.1352 FA شکیبا شاهمرادی دانشیار، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. 0000-0001-6067-0549 بهزاد سرخی لله لو استادیار، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. ویدا قطبی استادیار، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. سیمین طاهری اردستانی پژوهشگر، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. حمیدرضا نیکخواه دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. Journal Article 2023 11 06 Germplasm collections in gene banks provide valuable genetic resources for responding to the current and future challenges imposed by changing climate. In this research, 14 genotypes from the oat collection of the national plant gene bank of Iran and cv. Euro, were evaluated using in 2020-2023 cropping seasons in the research field station of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. Mean day to flowering for cv. Euro (G15) was 173, and for genotype no. 1 (G1) was 188 days. Mean day to physiological maturity grouped G13, G10, G7, G5 and cv. Euro as early maturity, and G1 was identified as late maturity genotypes. The tallest genotypes were G3 and G6 with mean plant height taller than 100 cm, and cv. Euro with less than 80 cm plant height was the shortest. Genotypes, G3, G9 and G14 with mean dry forage yield greater than 1.5 kg m-2 were superior in comparison with other genotypes. Cultivar Euro and G3 had higher mean grain yield among evaluated genotypes. The results of this research showed that day to panicle emergence and day to flowering had significant role in determination of dry forage yield of studied cultivated oat genotypes. The results of this research can be used in the cultivated oat breeding programs and supplementary studies. Keywords: Oat, day to panicle emergence, day to flowering, dray forage yield, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, Introduction Traditional agricultural production systems have played a vital role in the evolution and preservation of diversity in the field, and by reducing vulnerability to environmental stresses, could guarantee the sustainability of crop production. Landraces are native populations of agricultural species that are heterogeneous and local adaptations, therefore, they provide valuable genetic resources to lessen the current and future challenges of agriculture in stress prone environments. These local ecotypes may have variable phenology and low to moderate yields, but often have high nutritional value. Therefore, exploiting the diversity in genetic resources, especially for grains and fodder, can guarantee the stability of production in agricultural systems. National and international gene banks around the world have valuable genetic resources of germplasm of different plants, most of which are landraces (Dwivedi et al., 2016). Assessment of genetic diversity in the oat collection of the national plant gene bank of Iran has shown high diversity in different traits, which can be used in cultivated oat breeding programs (Shahmoradi et al., 2019). Considering the growing importance and demand for fodder and grain of this plant as feed and food, phenological and agronomic characteristics of 14 genotypes of the cultivated oat accessions available in the national plant gene bank of Iran were evaluated. Materials and Methods In this research, phenological and agronomic characteristics of 14 cultivated oat accessions along with cv. Euro (check), received from South Australia, were evaluated. The experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field station of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran. Seeds of oat genotypes were planted in two two-meter lines with row spacing of 20 cm and seeding density of 300 seeds m-2. The evaluated characteristics included day to panicle emergence, day to flowering, day to maturity, plant height, spikelets panicle-1, panicle length, dry forage yield, grain yield and 1000 grain weight. The homogeneity of error variances for the examined traits was confirmed using the Levene variance uniformity test and the normality of the data. Then, combined analysis of variance was performed using SPSS software (version 25). Means were compared using least significant differences (LSD) test at the 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Combined analysis of variance showed that year, genotype and genotype × year interaction was significant on some phonological and agronomic characteristics. The significant genotype × year interaction effect indicated that oat genotypes responded differently to different years’ environmental conditions. Other researchers have also shown that environmental conditions in different years had significant effect on plant phenological and agronomic characteristics as well as on physiological process in plants (Shavrukove et al., 2017). Genotypes were significantly different for day to flowering and day to physiological maturity as well as for dry forage yield, grain yield, 1000 grain weight and plant height (Kebede et al., 2023b). Mean day to flowering for cv. Euro (G15), with Australian origin, was 173, and for genotype no. 1 (G1) was 188 days. Mean day to physiological maturity grouped G13, G10, G7, G5 and cv. Euro as early maturity, and G1 was identified as late maturity genotypes. The tallest genotypes were G3 and G6 with mean plant height taller than 100 cm, and cv. Euro with less than 80 cm plant height was the shortest. Genotypes, G3, G9 and G14 with mean dry forage yield greater than 1.5 kg m-2 were superior in comparison with other genotypes. Kebede et al. (2023b) also reported variation in dry forage yield among oat genotypes. Cultivar Euro and G3 had higher mean grain yield among evaluated genotypes. The results of this research showed that day to panicle emergence and day to flowering had significant role in determination of dry forage yield of studied cultivated oat genotypes. There was positive and significant relationship between day to physiological maturity and 1000 grain weight. Based on the results of this research, some of the studied genotypes had desirable phenological and agronomic characteristics and can be used in the cultivated oat breeding programs and supplementary studies. References Dwivedi, S.L., Ceccarelli, S. Blair, M.W., Upadhyaya, H.D., Are, A.K. and Ortiz, R. 2016. Landrace germplasm for improving yield and abiotic stress adaptation. Trends in Plant Science, 21(1), pp.31-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10 Kebede, G., Worku, W., Feyissa, F., Jifar, H., Faji, M., Kehaliew, A., Dejene, M., Geleti, D., Assefa, G., Alemayehu, M., Balehegn, M. and Adesogan, A. T. 2023b. Genetic Diversity Assessment of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes for Agro-morphological Traits: I. Heritability and Genetic Gain. Pp. 359-380 In: Feyissa, F., Wondatir, Z., Fita, L. and Jembere, T. (eds.) Livestock Research Proceedings. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Shahmoradi, Sh., Zahravi, M. and Ghanavati, F. 2019. Evaluation of genetic diversity in some oat species (Avena spp.) of Iran. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 27(1), pp.28-44. DOI: 10.22092/IJRFPBGR.2019.120253 Shavrukov, Y., Kurishbayev, A., Jatayev, S., Shvidchenko, V., Zotova, L., Koekemoer, F., de Groot, S., Soole, K. and Langridge, P. 2017. Early flowering as a drought escape mechanism in plants: How can it aid wheat production? Front Plant Science, 8, 1950. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01950 کلکسیونهای ژرمپلاسم در بانکهای ژن منابع ژنتیکی ارزشمندی را برای مواجهه با چالشهای امروز و آتی کشاورزی در محیطهای مستعد تنش فراهم میکنند. در این پژوهش، 14 ژنوتیپ یولاف زراعی و یک رقم شاهد (یورو) جمعاً 15 ژنوتیپ از کلکسیون یولاف بانک ژن گیاهی ملی ایران، در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سه سال زراعی1402- 1399 در مزرعه پژوهشی موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر در کرج ارزیابی شدند. خصوصیات مورد ارزیابی شامل روز تا ظهور خوشه، روز تا گلدهی، روز تا رسیدن فیزیولوژیکی، ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد سنبلچه در خوشه، طول خوشه، عملکرد علوفه، عملکرد دانه و وزن هزاردانه بود. میانگین روز تا گلدهی در رقم یورو 173 روز و برای ژنوتیپ شماره 1 (G1) 188 روز بود. این ترتیب برای روز تا رسیدن فیزیولوژیکی متفاوت بود، به طوریکه ژنوتیپ‌های شماره 7،10،13، 5 و رقم یورو در گروه ژنوتیپ‌های زودرس قرار داشتند و ژنوتیپ شماره 1 دیررس ترین بود. ژنوتیپهای شماره 3 و 6 با میانگین ارتفاع گیاه بالای 100 سانتیمتر بلندترین ارتفاع گیاه را در میان ژنوتیپ های یولاف زراعی مورد مطالعه داشتند. ژنوتیپ شماره 15(رقم یورو) با منشاء استرالیا با میانگین ارتفاع گیاه کمتر از 80 سانتیمتر کوتاه ترین ژنوتیپ بود. ژنوتیپ‌های شماره 3، 9 و 14 با میانگین عملکرد علوفه خشک بیش از 1/5کیلوگرم در مترمربع، برتر از ژنوتیپ های دیگر بودند. ژنوتیپ شماره 2 و شماره 15 (رقم یورو) به ترتیب کمترین میانگین عملکرد علوفه خشک را به خود اختصاص دادند. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، روزتا ظهور خوشه و روز تاگلدهی نقش موثری در تعیین عملکرد علوفه ژنوتیپ های یولاف زراعی داشتند. بررسی ضرایب همبستگی بین صفات نشان دادکه همبستگی مثبت و معنی دار بین روز تا رسیدن فیزیولوژیکی و وزن هزار دانه وجود داشت. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر، تعدادی از ژنوتیپ های یولاف زراعی دارای خصوصیات فنولوژیکی و زراعی مطلوب بودند که می توانند در برنامه های به نژادی یولاف زراعی و برای مطالعات تکمیلی مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.

https://spj.areeo.ac.ir/article_131864_56b963ce5be09ab9bc6df131dbe8ea08.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر نهال و بذر 1562-5494 39 4 2023 12 22 Comparison of Some Photosynthetic Traits in Olive (Olea europaea L.) Genotypes under Heat Stress Conditions مقایسه برخی صفات فتوسنتزی در ژنوتیپ‌های زیتون(.Olea europaea L) در شرایط تنش گرمایی 566 545 131886 10.22092/spj.2024.365387.1351 FA علی اصغر زینانلو دانشیار، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. 0000-0002-8497-6558 Journal Article 2023 11 06 High temperature has negative effects on olive physiology, especially flowering, fruit growth and oil production. To identify olive cultivars/genotypes tolerant to heat stress, 12 olive cultivars and genotypes with four temperature treatments T1: (34 ± 1.5 ˚C), T2: (37 ± 1.5 ˚C), T3: (40 ± 1.5˚C) and T4: (43 ± 1.5 ˚C) were evaluated at Tarom olive research station, Iran, in 2016. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency decreased with increasing temperature. The results showed that the highest photosynthesis rate was obtained in T1 with 11.84 μmol m-2 s-1 and the lowest in T4 with 4.87 μmol m-2 s-1. In T4 temperature treatment, cv. Manzanilla maintained more than 50% and cv. Amin 44% of their photosynthesis efficiency compared to T1 temperature treatment. The of cultivar temperature × treatment interaction effect showed that the highest photosynthesis rate in T1 was 17.42 and 17.25 μmol.m-2s-1 in cv. Amin and cv. Deira, respectively. At temperatures > 40° C, there was a sharp decrease in the stomatal conductance of the leaves. Cv. Arbequina and Ozine genotype had the highest and lowest water use efficiency with 2.63 and 1.84 mmolCO2 molH2O-1, respectively. Also, the highest water use efficiency was obtained in KH15 genotype and cv. Deira in T1 temperature treatment. Due to the considerable decrease in photosynthesis rate at temperatures above > 40 °C, olive cultivation in areas with hot summers will cause significant reduction in fruit yield and in fruit oil content. Keywords: Olive, climate change, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration. Introduction One of the problems of olive cultivation that has become more apparent in recent years is climate change particularly rising temperatures. The increase in temperature has caused dramatically decreases in the fruit yield and oil content of olive warm and dry areas of the world. (Siakou et al., 2021) Adaptability of large number of olive cultivars in warm regions require many resources and time (Azimi et al., 2016). However, by examining the factors related to photosynthesis during the peak of summer heat, cultivars with high photosynthesis rate can be screened (Bongi et al., 1987). Then, the selected cultivars can be evaluated for heat tolerance and adaptability to target areas. The aim of this research was to identify cultivars/genotypes tolerant to heat stress and suitable for regions with warm and dry climatic conditions with high photosynthesis rate under high temperatures. Materials and Methods This reseach was carried out to identify olive cultivars/genotypes tolerant to heat stress, 12 olive cultivars and genotypes (Zard, Arbequina, Deira, Amin, Koroneiki, Manzanilla, Meshkat, Zagros and genotypes of Ozineh, Gorgan3, Tmn2, Kh15) with four temperature treatments T1: (34 ± 1.5 ˚C), T2: (37 ± 1.5 ˚C), T3: (40 ± 1.5˚C) and T4: (43 ± 1.5 ˚C) were evaluated at Tarom olive research station, Iran, in 2016. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. Physiological indices were measured using the LCI model of UK-ABC. Photosynthesis related indices were measured in three replications, and in each replication at least on three leaves from completely developed leaves of the current year for each cultivar/genotype. The measured indices included: difference of reference CO2 and atmospheric CO2 concentration with CO2 of the sub-stomatal chamber, photosynthetic active radiation (P. A. R.), chamber temperature, leaf temperature, stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), photosynthesis rate (A), water use efficiency (WUE), which was calculated from the A/E ratio (Bongi et al., 1987). The mean leaf temperature was 0.81 ◦C higher than the ambient temperature, during the implementation of the experiment. The average atmospheric CO2 concentration was 388 ppm. The minimum, maximum and mean of P. A. R was 1547, 1880 and 1721 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. Analysis of variance was performed using Minitab version 17 software, and means were compared using Tukey's test at the 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Analysis variance showed that the effect of cultivar, temperature and genotype × temperature treatment interaction effect on photosynthesis rate (A) were significant at the 5% level. Means comparison revealed that cv. Amin had the highest mean photosynthesis rate with 12.14 μmol m-2s-1. There was no significant difference between cv. Amin, cv. Deira, cv. Zagros and cv. Manzanilla for photosynthesis rate. The lowest (A) was obtained in cv. Zard and Ozine genotype with 6.97 and 6.13 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The interaction effect of genotype × temperature on (A) indicated that lowest (A) was obtained in cv. Meshkat and cv. Koroneiki in T4 with 3.03 and 3.15 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The photosynthesis rate of olive leaves usually does not exceed 18 μmol m-2s-1at light intensity of 1900 μmol m-2 s-1 (Bongi et al., 1987). The mean comparison effect showed that the highest stomatal conductance (gs) was related to cv. Amin with 0.239 molCO2 m-2 s-1, and the lowest was related to Ozine genotype with 0.091 molCO2 m-2 s-1. Cv. Deira and cv. Manzanilla had similar stomatal conductance with 0.185 molCO2 m-2 s-1. The stomatal conductance in cv. Koroneiki was 0.131 molCO2 m-2 s-1 and Ozine genotype with 0.091 molCO2 m-2 s-1 had the lowest (gs). Siakou et al. (2021) reported that the stomatal conductance in cv. Koroneiki was between 0.65-0.228 molCO2 m-2 s-1. As the temperature increased, the stomatal conductance decreased. In T4, the stomata conductance was 0.064 molCO2 m-2 s-1 which decreased by 69.8% as compared to T2 temperature treatment. There was linear relationship between photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance with coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.7873. Cultivar Arbequina with 63.2 mmolCO2 molH2O-1 had the highest water use efficiency and the lowest water use efficiency belonged to cv. Koroneiki and Ozine genotype with 1.89 and 1.84 mmolCO2 molH2O-1, respectively. Water use efficiency had a direct relationship with (A) and a negative relationship with transpiration (E) (Chartzoulakis et al., 199b). The lowest water use efficiency for all cultivars/genotypes was in T4 in, except in cv. Zard. The lowest water use efficiency belonged to Ozine genotype in T4 with 0.99 mmolCo2 molH2O. The mean comparison indicated that the cv. Amin had the highest transpiration with 5.84 mmolH2O m-2 s-1 and cv. Zard the lowest with 3.11 mmolH2O m-2 s-1, and other genotypes had no significant differences. With increasing temperature, leaf transpiration increased but decreased in T4. The reduction of (E) at temperature > 43°C was due to the closing of the stomata. References Azimi, M., Arji, I., Zeinanloo, A.A., Taslimpor, M.R. and Ramazani, M. 2016. Evaluation of adaptability of some olive (O. europaea L.) cultivars in different climates of Iran. Journal of Seed and plant, 1-32(3), pp.275-292 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/SPIJ.2016.112605 Bongi, G. Mencuccini, M. and Fontanazza, G. 1987. Photosynthesis of olive leaves: effect of light flux density, leaf age, temperature, peltates, and H2O vapor pressure deficit on gas exchange. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 112(1), pp.143-148. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.112.1.143 Chartzoulakis, K., Michelakis, N. and Stefanoudaki, E. 1999b. Water use, growth, yield and fruit quality of "Bonanza" oranges under different soil water regimes. Advances in Horticultural Science, 13(1), pp.6-11. Siakou, M., Bruggeman, A., Eliades, M., Zoumides, C., Djuma, H., Kyriacou, M.C., Emmanouilidou, M.G., Spyros, A., Manolopoulou, E. and Moriana, A. 2021. Effects of deficit irrigation on 'Koroneiki' olive tree growth, physiology and olive oil quality at different harvest dates. Agricultural Water Management, 258. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.107200 دمای بالا تاثیر منفی بر گلدهی، رشد میوه و تشکیل روغن در زیتون دارد. در این پژوهش واکنش12 رقم و ژنوتیپ زیتون زیتون (ارقام زرد، آربکین، دیره، امین، کرونیکی، مانزانیلا، مشکات، زاگرس و ژنوتیپ‌های اوزینه، گرگان3، Tmn2, Kh15) به تنش گرما مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و صفات مرتبط با فتوسنتز تحت تاثیر چهار تیمار دمایی T1: (˚C 1/5± 34)، T2: (˚C 1/5± 37) T3: (˚C 1/5± 40) و T4: ( ˚C1/5 ± 43) به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال 1395 در ایستگاه تحقیقات زیتون طارم ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش دما از میزان فتوسنتز و کارایی مصرف آب (WUE) کاسته شد. بالاترین میزان فتوسنتز در تیمارT1 معادل 11/84میکرو مول بر متر مربع در ثانیه و کمترین آن در تیمار T4 با 4/87میکرومول بر متر مربع در ثانیه بدست آمد. در تیمار T4 رقم مانزانیلا بیش از50 درصد و رقم امین 44 درصد از کارایی فتوسنتز خود را نسبت به تیمار T1 حفظ کردند. اثر متقابل ژنوتیپ × دما نشان داد بیشترین میزان فتوسنتز در تیمار T1 در ارقام امین و دیره به ترتیب با 17/42و 17/25میکرو مول بر متر مربع در ثانیه بود. دمای بیش از40 سانتی گراد سبب کاهش شدید در هدایت روزنه‌ای برگ‌ها شد. بیشترین و کمترین مقدار کارایی مصرف آب به ترتیب در رقم آربکین2/63و ژنوتیپ اوزینه با 1/84 میلی مول گازکربنیک بر مول آب بدست آمد. همچنین بیشترین کارایی مصرف آب در تیمار T1 و ژنوتیپ KH15 و رقم دیره بدست آمد. با توجه به کاهش شدید میزان فتوسنتز در دمای بالای40 سانتی گراد، کشت زیتون در مناطق با تابستان‌های گرم موجب کاهش زیاد عملکرد میوه و کاهش درصد روغن می شود.

https://spj.areeo.ac.ir/article_131886_3abbd61c12093e8b05a666bacd4d21f2.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر نهال و بذر 1562-5494 39 4 2023 12 22 Genetic Diversity for Fruit Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Eggplant Genotypes تنوع ژنتیکی برای عملکرد میوه و صفات مرتبط با آن در ژنوتیپ‌های بادمجان 596 567 131435 10.22092/spj.2024.364264.1335 FA ابراهیم پارسا اردکانی دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. مریم گل آبادی دانشیار، گروه کشاورزی-مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خوراسگان (اصفهان)، ایران. ولی اله محمدی دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. محمدرضا بی همتا استاد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. حسین صارمی استاد، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. Journal Article 2023 11 06 To study genetic diversity for yield and yield-related traits in eggplant, 86 local and commercial eggplant cultivars, grown by farmers in Iran, were evaluated for eight yield-related traits using randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse conditions in winter 2020. Analysis of variance of data showed that genotypes had significant differences for all measured traits. Fruit yield plant-1, fruit number plant-1 and fruit weight of genotypes varied from 60.3 to 5151 grams, 1.23 to 39 and 14.3 to 387.9 grams, respectively. Mean comparison revealed that the cv. Sable had the highest fruit yield plant-1 followed by genotypes no. 4, 2 and 5, respectively. Genotypes no. 76, 72, 70, 74 and 66 had the lowest fruit yield plant-1, respectively. Principal components analysis showed that three independent components explained 63% of the total variation. Cluster analysis using Ward method clustered studied eggplant genotypes in four different groups. These results were consistent with fruit yield performance of eggplant genotypes. Stepwise regression showed that three traits of fruit number plant-1, fruit weight and fruit width had the greatest effect on fruit yield plant-1. Path analysis showed that fruit weight and fruit number plant-1 traits had direct effect on fruit yield plant-1. The results of this research can be used to develop breeding populations for selection pure lines in eggplant breeding programs. Keywords: Eggplant, fruit number plant-1, fruit weight, fruit yield plant-1, germplasm. Introduction Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is the fifth most important vegetable crop in the world. Iran ranks sixth in global eggplant production. Currently, all the commercial hybrid cultivars grown in Iran are imported, and the efforts of Iranian eggplant breeders for development of hybrid cultivars are progressing. The initial step in eggplant breeding involves collecting germplasm and assessing the level of genetic diversity of different traits (Prohens et al., 2005) The objectives of this research were: 1. Assessment of the genetic diversity in eggplant germplasm, 2. Grouping eggplant genotypes and evaluating the relationships between fruit yield related traits, and 3. Selection of superior genotypes to be used for crossing in eggplant breeding programs. Materials and Methods In this study, 86 different commercial eggplant genotypes were collected from different sources. The seeds of eggplant genotypes were sown in greenhouse using complete randomized block design with three replications under greenhouse conditions at Negin Bazr Danesh Company, Khorasgan Azad University, Isfahan, Iran, in winter 2020. Genotypes fruit yield plant-1 and yield-related traits were measured evaluated. Normality of the data was tested using Minitab 18.1. Analysis of variance as well as mean comparisons were performed, using LSD, using SAS 9.4. Cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation between traits were performed using Minitab 18.1 for grouping genotypes and studying trait relationships. Path analysis was carried out by Path 2 software. Results and Discussion Fruit yield plant-1, fruit number plant-1 and fruit weight of genotypes varied from 60.3 to 5151 grams, 1.23 to 39 and 14.3 to 387.9 grams, respectively. Analysis of variance of data showed that genotypes had significant differences for all measured traits. Mean comparison revealed that the cv. Sable had the highest fruit yield plant-1 followed by genotypes no. 4, 2 and 5, respectively. Genotypes no. 76, 72, 70, 74 and 66 had the lowest fruit yield plant-1, respectively. Principal components analysis showed that three independent components explained 63% of the total variation. Cluster analysis using Ward method clustered studied eggplant genotypes in four different groups. These results were consistent with fruit yield performance of eggplant genotypes. Stepwise regression showed that three traits of fruit number plant-1, fruit weight and fruit width had the greatest effect on fruit yield plant-1. Path analysis showed that fruit weight and fruit number plant-1 traits had direct effect on fruit yield plant-1. These results were consistent with fruit yield performance of eggplant genotypes. Stepwise regression showed that three traits of fruit number plant-1, fruit weight and fruit width had the greatest effect on fruit yield plant-1. Path analysis showed that fruit weight and fruit number plant-1 traits had direct effect on fruit yield plant-1. Kameli et al. (2020) evaluated different eggplant genotypes and grouped them in four groups using cluster analysis. Genotypes in different groups can be used in hybridization programs to incorporate genetic diversity in breeding materials. Uddin et al. (2021) studied 130 local eggplant germplasm to select parents for eggplant breeding program and reported that fruit yield plant-1 significantly correlated with fruit diameter, number of fruits plant-1 and fruit weight. Genetic diversity in Iranian eggplant landraces has been used for selection of pure lines and new cultivars in the national eggplant breeding program of Iran (Bagheri et al., 2014). Therefore, it is suggested that the eggplant cultivars in the first and second groups, in the present research, can be used to develop breeding populations for selection pure lines and new cultivars in eggplant breeding programs. References Bagheri, M., Keshavarz, S., Zarbakhsh, A.J. and Salmani, K.A. 2014. Selected lines from Iranian eggplant landraces in advanced yield trails. Seed and Plant Journal, 29(1), pp.857-859 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.111195 Kameli, A.M., Kiani, G. and Kazemitabar, S.K. 2020. The evaluation of phenotypic diversity in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes. Journal of Vegetables Sciences, 3(6), pp.31-41. DOI: 10.22034/iuvs.2020.114655.1071 Prohens, J., Blanca, J.M. and Nuez, F. 2005. Morphological and molecular variation in a collection of eggplants from a secondary center of diversity: Implications for conservation and breeding. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 130(1), pp.54-63. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.130.1.54 Uddin, M.S., Billah M., Afroz R., Rahman, S., Jahan, N., Hossain, M.G., Bagum S.A., Uddin, M.S., Khaldun, A.B.M., Azam, M.G., Hossein, N., Akanada, M.A.L., Alhormani, M., Gaber, A. and Hossein, A. 2021. Evaluation of 130 eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes for future breeding program based on qualitative and quantitative traits, and various genetic parameters. Horticulturae, 7(10), 376. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7100376 به منظور بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی برای عملکرد میوه و صفات مرتبط با آن در 86 ژنوتیپ بادمجان شامل ارقام محلی و تجاری مورد استفاده کشاورزان ایران، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در زمستان 1398 در داخل گلخانه شرکت نگین بذر دانش، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) اجرا شد. عملکرد میوه در گیاه، تعداد میوه در گیاه، وزن میوه، ارتفاع گیاه، طول میوه، عرض میوه، تعداد میانگره و فاصله میانگره ژنوتیپ های بادمجان اندازه گیری و مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. دامنه عملکرد، تعداد میوه و وزن میوه درگیاه برای ژنوتیپ‌ها به ترتیب از 60/3گرم تا 5151 گرم در گیاه، 1/23الی 39 میوه در گیاه و 14/3گرم تا 387/9گرم در گیاه متغیر بود. تجزیه واریانس داده ها نشان داد ژنوتیپ‌ها از نظر کلیه صفات اندازه گیری شده تفاوت معنی‌داری داشتند. مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد رقم سابل بیشترین عملکرد میوه را داشت. پس از آن ژنوتیپ‌های شماره 4، 2 و 5 به ترتیب در گروه دوم قرار گرفتند و بین آنها تفاوت معنی دار وجود نداشت. ژنوتیپ‌های شماره 76، 72 ، 70 ، 74 و 66 به ترتیب کمترین عملکرد میوه را داشتند و بین آنها تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود نداشت. تجزیه به مؤلفه‌های اصلی نشان داد سه عامل مستقل از هم، مجموعاً 63 درصد از تغییرات را توجیه کردند. تجزیه خوشهای به روش وارد(Ward) ، ژنوتیپهای بادمجان ارزیابی شده را در چهار گروه متفاوت قرار داد.به طوری که این نتایج تا حد زیادی با عملکرد میوه همخوانی داشتند. رگرسیون گام‌به‌گام نشان داد که سه صفت تعداد میوه در گیاه، وزن میوه و عرض میوه بیشترین تأثیر را بر روی عملکرد میوه داشتند. تجزیه مسیر نیز نشان داد وزن میوه و تعداد میوه بر روی عملکرد میوه تأثیر مستقیم داشتند و تأثیر غیرمستقیم این صفات چندان قابلتوجه نبود. از نتایج این پژوهش میتوان در برنامه های بهنژادی بادمجان برای تولید جمعیت های اولیه و انتخاب لاین خالص و ارقام جدید استفاده کرد.

https://spj.areeo.ac.ir/article_131435_3edfbb6173c9717a57ad44226b1c2405.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر نهال و بذر 1562-5494 39 4 2024 01 18 Effect of Foliar Application of Silicon and Potassium Nanoparticles on the Fatty Acid Composition of Olive Oil cv. Zard اثر محلول‌پاشی برگی نانوذرات سیلیسیم و پتاسیم بر ترکیب اسیدهای چرب روغن زیتون رقم زرد 619 597 131953 10.22092/spj.2024.366669.1375 FA عبدالکریم زارعی دانشیار، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه جهرم، جهرم، ایران. جواد عرفانی مقدم دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. سمیه هاشمی دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. عباس شیرمردی استادیار، گروه شیمی، دانشگاه مسجد سلیمان، مسجد سلیمان، ایران. Journal Article 2023 11 06 Due to the role of optimal nutrition and fertilizer types applied on olive fatty acids, in this study the effect of foliar application of nano-potassium (K) and nano-silicon (Si) fertilizers on the fatty acid composition of olive fruit cv. Zard were investigated in spring and summer of 2021 in Darreh Shahr, Ilam province, Iran. The K nanoparticles at three levels; 0, 400, and 800 mg l-1 and Si nanoparticles at three levels; 0, 30, and 60 mg l-l nanoparticles were foliar applied on olive tree canopies using factorial arrangements in complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the content of majority of fatty acids in the oil olive fruit were affected by treatments and the content of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were increased in fruits of treated plants. The highest saturated fatty acids content (19.24%) and palmitic acid (15.47%) was recorded in 800 mg 1-1 potassium and 60 mg l-1 silicon, respectively, while arachidic acid was highest (0.94%) in 400 mg l-1 potassium and 30 mg l-1 silicon. The maximum stearic acid (3.37%) was attained in 400 mg l-1 potassium. The highest level of linolenic acid (1.24%) and linoleic acid (12.12%) was recorded in the simultaneous application of 800 mg l-1 potassium and 30 mg l-1 silicon, while application of 800 mg l-1 potassium and or 60 mg l-1 silicon led to the highest content of oleic, palmitoleic, unsaturated and mono unsaturated fatty acids. It is concluded that intermediate levels of potassium is more efficient for enhancement of saturated fatty acid while unsaturated fatty acids were highest in 800 mg l-1. Moreover, application of each fertilizer at high concentrations led to the highest monounsaturated fatty acids content, while a combination of lower levels of potassium and silicon was more efficient for increasing the content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Keywords: Olive, nano-fertilizer, foliar spraying, oil composition, unsaturated fatty acids. Introduction Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit crops widely grown worldwide and has been praised for its high quality oil in the mesocarp of its fruits. The mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) of oleic acid (C18:1) is the major component of olive oil that along with other unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) constitute high-quality oil that its regular inclusion into the human diet is strongly suggested mainly due its health promoting properties (Revelou et al., 2021; Razeghi-Jahromi et al., 2022b). The oil content and composition of olive oil is influenced by different factors including genotype, environmental conditions as well as orchard management practices. Proper orchard fertilization is among the important factors that affects productivity of olive trees and oil composition of its fruit (Zipori et al., 2023). Application of new fertilizer such as nanoparticle-sized nutrient has opened up new opportunities for delivering nutrient to the plant in a way that is more efficient and sustainable than common synthetic fertilizers, due to their higher uptake rate by plants and lower residue in the soil and impact on the environment (Seleiman et al., 2021). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) nano-fertilizers on the composition and quality of olive oil. Materials and Methods The effect of foliar application of nano-potassium (K) and nano-silicon (Si) fertilizers were investigated on the fatty acid composition of olive fruit cv. Zard in spring and summer of 2021 in Darreh Shahr, Ilam province, Iran. For this purpose, The K nanoparticles at three levels; 0, 400, and 800 mg l-1 and Si nanoparticles at three levels; 0, 30, and 60 mg l-l nanoparticles were foliar applied, twice during the growing season, on olive tree canopies using factorial arrangements in complete randomized block design with three replications. The fruits were harvested at ripening stage and their oil composition were determined using gas chromatography method. Data were subjected to the analysis of variance with SAS software (Ver. 9.4) and the means were compared using least significant differences (LSD) test. Results and Discussion The results showed that the content of majority of fatty acids in the oil olive fruit were affected by treatments and the content of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were increased in fruits of treated plants. The highest saturated fatty acids content (19.24%) and palmitic acid (15.47%) was recorded in 800 mg 1-1 potassium and 60 mg l-1 silicon, respectively, while arachidic acid was highest (0.94%) in 400 mg l-1 potassium and 30 mg l-1 silicon. The maximum stearic acid (3.37%) was attained in 400 mg l-1 potassium. The highest level of linolenic acid (1.24%) and linoleic acid (12.12%) was recorded in the simultaneous application of 800 mg l-1 potassium and 30 mg l-1 silicon, while application of 800 mg l-1 potassium and or 60 mg l-1 silicon led to the highest content of oleic, palmitoleic, unsaturated and mono unsaturated fatty acids. It is concluded that intermediate levels of potassium are more efficient for enhancement of saturated fatty acid while unsaturated fatty acids were highest in 800 mg l-1. Moreover, application of each fertilizer at high concentrations led to the highest monounsaturated fatty acids content, while a combination of lower levels of potassium and silicon was more efficient for increasing the content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In general, foliar application of potassium and silicon nano-fertilizers positively affected the content and composition of olive oil (Sleiman et al., 2021). Results of this study revealed that nanoparticle-sized nutrients might be a good choice for improving productivity of fruit crop (Zipori et al., 2023). In addition to potassium that is an essential nutrient for plant, silicon foliar application also significantly affected the composition and quality properties of olive oil. The results also showed the synergistic effects of potassium and silicon. Therefore, it is suggested that simultaneous foliar application of potassium and silicon nono-fertilizes be included in the olive orchard nutrition management practices. References Razeghi-Jahromi, F., Zarei, A., Parvini, F. and Hosseini-Mazinani, M. 2022b. Change in oil composition and the major fatty acids and triacylglycerol biosynthesis genes in drupe of selected olive cultivars during growing season; a two years study. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 124(12), 2200079. DOI: 10. 1002/ejlt.202200079 Revelou, P.K., Xagoraris, M., Alexandropoulou, A., Kanakis, C.D., Papadopoulos, G.K., Pappas, C.S. and Tarantilis, P.A. 2021. Chemometric study of fatty acid composition of virgin olive oil from four widespread greek cultivars. Molecules, 26(14), 4151. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144151 Seleiman, M.F., Almutairi, K.F., Alotaibi, M., Shami, A., Alhammad, B.A. and Battaglia, M.L. 2021. Nano-fertilization as an emerging fertilization technique: why can modern agriculture benefit from its use? Plants, 10(1), pp.1-27. DOI: 10.3390/plants10010002 Zipori, I., Yermiyahu, U., Dag, A., Erel, R., Ben-Gal, A., Quan, L. and Kerem, Z. 2023. Effect of macronutrient fertilization on olive oil composition and quality under irrigated, intensive cultivation management. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 103(1), pp.48–56, DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12110 با توجه به تاثیر تغذیه بهینه و نوع کود استفاده شده بر کمیت و کیفیت اسیدهای چرب زیتون، در این پژوهش اثر محلولپاشی پتاسیم و سیلیسیم به شکل نانوذرات بر ترکیبات اسیدهای چرب روغن زیتون رقم زرد بررسی شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در بهار و تابستان سال 1400 طراحی و در دره شهر استان ایلام اجرا شد. نانوذرات پتاسیم در سه سطح (صفر، 400 و 800 میلیگرم در لیتر) و نانوذرات سیلیسیم نیز در سه سطح (صفر، 30 و 60 میلیگرم در لیتر) بصورت محلولپاشی استفاده گردید. نتایج محلولپاشی با این ترکیبات اثر معنیداری بر ترکیب روغن زیتون داشت و میزان اسیدهای چرب اشباع و غیر اشباع در تیمارهای آزمایشی افزایش یافت، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین میزان اسیدهای چرب اشباع (19/24درصد) و اسید پالمیتیک (15/47درصد) در تیمار ترکیبی 800 میلیگرم بر لیتر پتاسیم و 60 میلیگرم بر لیتر سیلیسیم به دست آمد. در حالیکه اسید آراشیدیک (0/94درصد) در تیمار 400 میلیگرم بر لیتر پتاسیم و 30 میلیگرم بر لیتر سیلیسیم و اسید استئاریک (3/37 درصد) در تیمار 400 میلیگرم بر لیتر پتاسیم بیشترین میزان را داشتند. حداکثر اسیدهای چرب چند غیر اشباعی اسید لینولنیک (1/24درصد) و لینولئیک (12/12 درصد) در تیمار 800 میلیگرم بر لیتر پتاسیم و 30 میلیگرم بر لیتر سیلیسیم حاصل شد. تیمارهای غیرترکیبی 800 میلیگرم بر لیتر پتاسیم و یا 60 میلیگرم بر لیتر سیلیسیم منجر به تشکیل حداکثر اسید اولئیک، پالمیتولئیک، اسیدهای چرب غیر اشباع و اسیدهای چرب تک غیر اشباعی شدند. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که غلظت متوسط پتاسیم برای بهبود اسیدهای چرب اشباع و غلظت بالاتر آن برای اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع مناسبتر باشد. همچنین محلولپاشی هر کدام از عناصر مغذی نانوپتاسیم و نانوسیلیسیم برای بهبود اسیدهای چرب تک غیراشباعی مفید بوده و استفاده توام از این دو نانو ذره برای بهبود اسیدهای چرب چند غیراشباعی و اسیدهای چرب اشباع مناسبتر باشد.

https://spj.areeo.ac.ir/article_131953_fa24ac3a21bbc52bc8c9de9570bddc8d.pdf